Euclid: Early Release Observations – The surface brightness and colour profiles of the far outskirts of galaxies in the Perseus cluster^⋆

¹ Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
² Department of Physics, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
³ Ciela Institute – Montréal Institute for Astrophysical Data Analysis and Machine Learning, Montréal, Québec, Canada
⁴ Mila – Québec Artificial Intelligence Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
⁵ INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁶ Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, UMR 9189 CRIStAL, 59000 Lille, France
⁷ Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale, 91405 Orsay, France
⁸ Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
⁹ School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
¹⁰ Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Technikerstr. 25/8, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
¹¹ Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
¹² Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Bordeaux, CNRS and Université de Bordeaux, Allée Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 33165 Pessac, France
¹³ Institut universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, 75231 PARIS CEDEX 05, France
¹⁴ Departamento de Física Teórica, Atómica y Óptica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
¹⁵ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal
¹⁶ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy
¹⁷ Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon, UMR5574, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, 69230 Saint-Genis-Laval, France
¹⁸ Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany
¹⁹ Sterrenkundig Observatorium, Universiteit Gent, Krijgslaan 281 S9, 9000 Gent, Belgium
²⁰ Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg, France
²¹ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Vía Láctea, 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
²² Universidad de La Laguna, Departamento de Astrofísica, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
²³ School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
²⁴ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy
²⁵ IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy
²⁶ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy
²⁷ INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy
²⁸ SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy
²⁹ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
³⁰ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
³¹ INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
³² Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy
³³ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, PT4150-762 Porto, Portugal
³⁴ Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo de Alegre, 4150-007 Porto, Portugal
³⁵ INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy
³⁶ INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
³⁷ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy
³⁸ INFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy
³⁹ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
⁴⁰ Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
⁴¹ Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL, UK
⁴² European Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy
⁴³ ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
⁴⁴ Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne F-69100, France
⁴⁵ Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
⁴⁶ Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
⁴⁷ UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 rue Enrico Fermi, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
⁴⁸ Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
⁴⁹ INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy
⁵⁰ Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
⁵¹ School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
⁵² INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
⁵³ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern 0315 Oslo, Norway
⁵⁴ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
⁵⁵ Felix Hormuth Engineering, Goethestr. 17, 69181 Leimen, Germany
⁵⁶ Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
⁵⁷ Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), DTU Space, Elektrovej 327. 2800 Kgs. Lyngby., Denmark
⁵⁸ NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
⁵⁹ Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
⁶⁰ Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
⁶¹ Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
⁶² Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
⁶³ Laboratoire d’etude de l’Univers et des phenomenes eXtremes, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France
⁶⁴ SKA Observatory, Jodrell Bank, Lower Withington, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK11 9FT, UK
⁶⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁶⁶ INFN-Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁶⁷ University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland, School of Computer Science, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
⁶⁸ Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany
⁶⁹ INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 – c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy
⁷⁰ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁷¹ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁷² Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
⁷³ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁷⁴ European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
⁷⁵ Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
⁷⁶ DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 155, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
⁷⁷ Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
⁷⁸ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
⁷⁹ Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
⁸⁰ Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales – Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
⁸¹ Institute of Space Science, Str. Atomistilor, nr. 409 Măgurele, Ilfov 077125, Romania
⁸² Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
⁸³ INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
⁸⁴ Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Edifici RDIT, Campus UPC, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
⁸⁵ Satlantis, University Science Park, Sede Bld 48940, Leioa-Bilbao, Spain
⁸⁶ Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
⁸⁷ Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
⁸⁸ Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadoras, Plaza del Hospital 1, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
⁸⁹ Port d’Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
⁹⁰ Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
⁹¹ Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 14 Av. Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
⁹² INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
⁹³ Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
⁹⁴ INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁹⁵ ICL, Junia, Université Catholique de Lille, LITL, 59000 Lille, France

^⋆⋆ Corresponding author: maelie.mondelin@cea.fr

Received: 28 March 2025
Accepted: 6 May 2025

Abstract

The Perseus field captured by Euclid as part of its Early Release Observations provides a unique opportunity to study cluster environment ranging from outskirts to dense regions. Leveraging unprecedented optical and near-infrared depths, we investigate the stellar structure of massive disc galaxies in this field. This study focuses on outer disc profiles, including simple exponential (Type I), down-bending break (Type II) and up-bending break (Type III) profiles, and their associated colour gradients, to trace late assembly processes across various environments. Type II profiles, though relatively rare in high dense environments, appear stabilised by internal mechanisms like bars and resonances, even within dense cluster cores. Simulations suggest that in dense environments, Type II profiles tend to evolve into Type I profiles over time. Type III profiles often exhibit small colour gradients beyond the break, hinting at older stellar populations, potentially due to radial migration or accretion events. We analyse correlations between galaxy mass, morphology, and profile types. Mass distributions show weak trends of decreasing mass from the centre to the outskirts of the Perseus cluster. Type III profiles become more prevalent, while Type I profiles decrease in lower-mass galaxies with cluster centric distance. Type I profiles dominate in spiral galaxies, while Type III profiles are more common in S0 galaxies. Type II profiles are consistently observed across all morphological types. While the limited sample size restricts statistical power, our findings shed light on the mechanisms shaping galaxy profiles in cluster environments. Future work should extend observations to the cluster outskirts to enhance statistical significance and explore looser environments. Additionally, 3D velocity maps are needed to achieve a non-projected view of galaxy positions, offering deeper insights into spatial distribution and dynamics.