Euclid: Early Release Observations – A preview of the Euclid era through a galaxy cluster magnifying lens^★

¹ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
² Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
³ Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
⁴ Instituto de Física de Cantabria, Edificio Juan Jordá, Avenida de los Castros, 39005 Santander, Spain
⁵ Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Technikerstr. 25/8, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
⁶ School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
⁷ Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale, 91405 Orsay, France
⁸ Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
⁹ Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA
¹⁰ Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
¹¹ Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía, 18080, Granada, Spain
¹² Observatorio Nacional, Rua General Jose Cristino, 77-Bairro Imperial de Sao Cristovao, Rio de Janeiro 20921-400, Brazil
¹³ Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
¹⁴ Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
¹⁵ INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy
¹⁶ Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
¹⁷ The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
¹⁸ Department of Physics, Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Durham University, South Road DH1 3LE, UK
¹⁹ Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road DH1 3LE, UK
²⁰ Astrophysics Research Centre, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa
²¹ School of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa
²² STAR Institute, Quartier Agora – Allée du six Août, 19c 4000 Liège, Belgium
²³ Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon, UMR5574, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, 69230 Saint-Genis-Laval, France
²⁴ School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
²⁵ Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
²⁶ Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
²⁷ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy
²⁸ IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy
²⁹ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy
³⁰ INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
³¹ Astrophysics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
³² Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
³³ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
³⁴ Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Denmark
³⁵ INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
³⁶ Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
³⁷ Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
³⁸ Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
³⁹ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Calle Vía Láctea s/n, 38204 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁴⁰ Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁴¹ Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
⁴² Physics Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, HigashiHiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
⁴³ Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
⁴⁴ Core Research for Energetic Universe, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1, Kagamiyama, 739-8526, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
⁴⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
⁴⁶ Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany
⁴⁷ Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
⁴⁸ European Spae Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
⁴⁹ Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg (ObAS), Université de Strasbourg – CNRS, UMR 7550, Strasbourg, France
⁵⁰ Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
⁵¹ Department of Physics, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
⁵² Aurora Technology for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
⁵³ ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
⁵⁴ School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
⁵⁵ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy
⁵⁶ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁵⁷ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
⁵⁸ Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales – Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
⁵⁹ INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy
⁶⁰ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy
⁶¹ INFN – Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy
⁶² Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy
⁶³ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy
⁶⁴ INFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy
⁶⁵ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal
⁶⁶ Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo de Alegre, 4150-007 Porto, Portugal
⁶⁷ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
⁶⁸ INFN – Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
⁶⁹ Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
⁷⁰ INFN – Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185, Roma, Italy
⁷¹ Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
⁷² Port d’Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
⁷³ Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
⁷⁴ Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
⁷⁵ Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Edifici RDIT, Campus UPC, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
⁷⁶ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
⁷⁷ European Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy
⁷⁸ Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, 69100, France
⁷⁹ UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 rue Enrico Fermi, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
⁸⁰ Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
⁸¹ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
⁸² INAF – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy
⁸³ INFN – Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
⁸⁴ School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK
⁸⁵ Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
⁸⁶ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
⁸⁷ FRACTAL S.L.N.E., calle Tulipán 2, Portal 13 1A, 28231, Las Rozas de Madrid, Spain
⁸⁸ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1029 0315 Blindern, Oslo, Norway
⁸⁹ Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
⁹⁰ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
⁹¹ Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
⁹² Felix Hormuth Engineering, Goethestr. 17, 69181 Leimen, Germany
⁹³ Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
⁹⁴ NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
⁹⁵ Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
⁹⁶ Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
⁹⁷ Department of Physics, PO Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
⁹⁸ Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
⁹⁹ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
¹⁰⁰ NOVA optical infrared instrumentation group at ASTRON, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991PD, Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
¹⁰¹ INFN-Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
¹⁰² Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany
¹⁰³ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
¹⁰⁴ Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France
¹⁰⁵ Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France
¹⁰⁶ Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
¹⁰⁷ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
¹⁰⁸ Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
¹⁰⁹ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
¹¹⁰ Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
¹¹¹ Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
¹¹² Institute of Space Science, Str. Atomistilor, nr. 409 Ma˘gurele, Ilfov, 077125, Romania
¹¹³ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
¹¹⁴ Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile
¹¹⁵ Satlantis, University Science Park, Sede Bld 48940, Leioa-Bilbao, Spain
¹¹⁶ Centre for Electronic Imaging, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
¹¹⁷ Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
¹¹⁸ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal
¹¹⁹ Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadoras, Plaza del Hospital 1, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
¹²⁰ Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 14 Av. Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
¹²¹ INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
¹²² Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Genova, and INFN-Sezione di Genova, via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy
¹²³ INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy
¹²⁴ SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy
¹²⁵ INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
¹²⁶ Institut für Theoretische Physik, University of Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
¹²⁷ Université St Joseph; Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon
¹²⁸ Junia, EPA department, 41 Bd Vauban, 59800 Lille, France
¹²⁹ ICSC – Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy
¹³⁰ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada

^★★ Corresponding author; atek@iap.fr

Received: 18 May 2024
Accepted: 17 June 2024

Abstract

We present the first analysis of the Euclid Early Release Observations (ERO) program that targets fields around two lensing clusters, Abell 2390 and Abell 2764. We use imaging data from the Visible instrument (VIS) and the Near-Infrared Spectrometer and Photometer (NISP) to produce photometric catalogs for a total of ∼500 000 objects. The imaging data reach a typical depth of 5 σ in the range 25.1–25.4 AB in the NISP bands and 27.1–27.3 AB in the VIS band. Using the Lyman-break method in combination with photometric redshifts, we searched for high-redshift galaxies. We identified 30 Lyman-break galaxy (LBG) candidates at z > 6 and 139 extremely red sources (ERSs), most of which likely lie at lower redshift. The VIS imaging is deeper than the NISP imaging, which means that we can routinely identify high-redshift Lyman-break galaxies at about a magnitude of 3, which reduces contamination by brown dwarf stars and low-redshift galaxies. The difficulty of spatially resolving most of these sources in 0″.3 pix⁻¹ imaging means that it is difficult to distinguish between galaxies and quasars. Spectroscopic follow-up campaigns of these bright sources will help us to constrain the bright end of the ultraviolet galaxy luminosity function and the quasar luminosity function at z > 6, and it will constrain the physical nature of these objects. Additionally, we performed a combined strong- and weak-lensing analysis of A2390, and we show that Euclid will contribute to constraining the virial mass of galaxy clusters better. We also identify optical and near-infrared counterparts of known z > 0.6 clusters in these data. These counterparts exhibit strong-lensing features. This establishes that Euclid can characterize high-redshift clusters. Finally, we provide a glimpse of the ability of Euclid to map the intracluster light out to larger radii than current facilities, which enables us to understand the cluster assembly history better and to map the dark matter distribution. This initial dataset illustrates the diverse spectrum of legacy science that is possible with the Euclid survey.