Constraints on the state of the intergalactic medium at z∼8 − 10 using redshifted 21 cm observations with LOFAR

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Volume 699 (July 2025)

A&A, 699 (2025) A109

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Table B.2.

Constraints on the IGM parameters at three different redshifts for the Varying A_r and allUL scenario for both the Single-z and Joint-z analysis.

IGM Parameters (MCMC Model)	Credible intervals	z ∼ 8	z ∼ 9	z ∼ 10
${\bar{x}}_{HII}$ ${\overline{x}_{\mathrm{HII}}}$ (Single-z)	68%	[0, 0.05]	[0, 0.02]	[0, 0.01]

	95%	[0, 0.78]	[0, 0.46]	[0, 0.32]

${\bar{x}}_{HII}$ ${\overline{x}_{\mathrm{HII}}}$ (Joint-z)	68%	[0, 0.06]	[0, 0.02]	[0, 0.004]

	95%	[0, 0.8]	[0, 0.42]	[0, 0.16]

f_heat (Single-z)	68%	X	[0, 0.06]	[0, 0.03]

	95%	X	[0, 0.5]	[0, 0.31]

f_heat (Joint-z)	68%	[X]	[0, 0.12]	[0, 0.03]

	95%	[X]	[X]	[X]

${\bar{T}}_{K}$ ${\overline{T}_{\mathrm{K}}}$ (K) (Single-z)	68%	[1.8, 10.0]	[2.2, 5]	[2.6, 5]

	95%	[1.8, 2180]	[2.2, 55]	[2.6, 27]

${\bar{T}}_{K}$ ${\overline{T}_{\mathrm{K}}}$ (K) (Joint-z)	68%	[1.8, 20]	[2.2, 6]	[2.6, 6]

	95%	[1.8, 2089]	[2.2, 371]	[2.6, 110]

\| ${\bar{δ T}}_{b}$ ${\overline{\delta T}_{\mathrm{b}}}$ \| (mK) (Single-z)	68%	[28, 11905]	[131,3812]	[132, 9120]

	95%	[2, 14791]	[62, 28184]	[91, 24888]

\| ${\bar{δ T}}_{b}$ ${\overline{\delta T}_{\mathrm{b}}}$ \| (mK) (Joint-z)	68%	[18, 1584]	[51,2238]	[77, 2630]

	95%	[3, 15848]	[12, 19952]	[19, 31622]

$R_{peak}^{heat}$ ${R^{\mathrm{heat}}_{\mathrm{peak}}}$ ( h⁻¹ Mpc) (Single-z)	68%	[0, 8.0]	[0,5]	[0,4.0]

	95%	[0, 138]	[0, 17]	[0, 11]

$R_{peak}^{heat}$ ${R^{\mathrm{heat}}_{\mathrm{peak}}}$ ( h⁻¹ Mpc) (Joint-z)	68%	[0, 20]	[0, 5]	[0, 3.0]

	95%	[0, 138]	[0, 35]	[0, 15]

$Δ R_{FWHM}^{heat}$ ${\Delta R^{\mathrm{heat}}_{\mathrm{FWHM}}}$ ( h⁻¹ Mpc) (Single-z)	68%	[0, 16]	[0, 9]	[0,5]

	95%	[0, 213]	[0, 76]	[0, 20]

$Δ R_{FWHM}^{heat}$ ${\Delta R^{\mathrm{heat}}_{\mathrm{FWHM}}}$ ( h⁻¹ Mpc) (Joint-z)	68%	[0, 20]	[0, 9]	[0,6]

	95%	[0, 218]	[0,76]	[0, 30]

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