Constraints on the state of the intergalactic medium at z∼8 − 10 using redshifted 21 cm observations with LOFAR

Open Access

Table 4.

Constraints on the IGM parameters derived using the LOFAR upper limits from Mertens et al. (2025) for the A_r = 0 scenario.

IGM	Credible	z = 8.3	z = 9.1	z = 10.1
Parameters	intervals
(MCMC	[%]
Model)

${\bar{x}}_{HII}$ $\overline{x}_{\mathrm{HII}}$	68	[0, 0.15]	[0, 0.13]	[0, 0.2]
(Single-z)	95	[0, 0.57]	[0, 0.55]	[0, 0.47]

${\bar{x}}_{HII}$ ${\overline{x}_{\mathrm{HII}}}$	68	[0, 0.24]	[0, 0.06]	[0, 0.01]
(Joint-z)	95	[0, 0.85]	[0, 0.46]	[0, 0.17]

f_heat	68	[0, 0.21]	[0, 0.18]	[0, 0.22]
(Single-z)	95	[0, 1]	[0, 0.57]	[0, 0.47]

f_heat	68	[0, 0.49]	[0, 0.15]	[0, 0.05]
(Joint-z)	95	[0, 0.9]	[0, 0.54]	[0, 0.21]

${\bar{T}}_{K}$ ${\overline{T}_{\mathrm{K}}}$ (K)	68	[1.8, 7.7]	[2.2, 7.3]	[2.6, 12.8]
(Single-z)	95	[1.8, 50]	[2.2, 21]	[2.6, 22]

${\bar{T}}_{K}$ ${\overline{T}_{\mathrm{K}}}$ (K)	68	[1.8, 28.5]	[2.2, 7.2]	[2.6, 5]
(Joint-z)	95	[1.8, 977]	[2.2, 35.6]	[2.6, 15]

${\bar{δ T}}_{b}$ ${\overline{\delta T}_{\mathrm{b}}}$ (mK)	68	[–300, –124]	[–276, –123]	[–222, –113]
(Single-z)	95	[–345, –23]	[–317, –61]	[–283, –80]

${\bar{δ T}}_{b}$ ${\overline{\delta T}_{\mathrm{b}}}$ (mK)	68	[–264, –4]	[–308, –141]	[–308, –220]
(Joint-z)	95	[–313, 10]	[–337, –36]	[–289., –116]

$R_{peak}^{heat}$ ${R^{\mathrm{heat}}_{\mathrm{peak}}}$ (h⁻¹ Mpc)	68	[0, 26.3]	[0, 28.1]	[0, 20.6]
(Single-z)	95	[0, 56.4.]	[0, 39.5]	[0, 35.5]

$R_{peak}^{heat}$ ${R^{\mathrm{heat}}_{\mathrm{peak}}}$ (h⁻¹ Mpc)	68	[0, 68]	[0, 25]	[0, 14]
(Joint-z)	95	[0, 205]	[0, 41]	[0, 23]

$Δ R_{FWHM}^{heat}$ ${\Delta R^{\mathrm{heat}}_{\mathrm{FWHM}}}$ (h⁻¹ Mpc)	68	[6, 47]	[9, 46]	[11,38]
(Single-z)	95	[3, 118]	[4, 81]	[3.5, 79]

$Δ R_{FWHM}^{heat}$ ${\Delta R^{\mathrm{heat}}_{\mathrm{FWHM}}}$ (h⁻¹ Mpc)	68	[0, 135]	[0, 40]	[0, 21]
(Joint-z)	95	[0, 331]	[0, 85]	[0, 33]

Notes. The first column shows the list of IGM parameters derived from both the Single-z and Joint-z analysis, the second refers to the credible intervals of the disfavoured models, while the last three to the constraints obtained from the analysis at three redshifts.

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Initial download of the metrics may take a while.