Constraints on the state of the intergalactic medium at z∼8 − 10 using redshifted 21 cm observations with LOFAR

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Table 3.

Constraints on the source parameters derived using the LOFAR upper limits from Mertens et al. (2025) for the A_r = 0 scenario.

Source	z = 8.3	z = 9.1	z = 10.1	Joint-z
Parameters	(Single-z)	(Single-z)	(Single-z)
log₁₀(ζ)	[–3, 0.94]	X	[–0.53, 3]	X

${log}_{10} (\frac{M_{\min}}{M_{⊙}})$ ${\log}_{\mathrm{10}}\left(\frac{{M_{\mathrm{min}}}}{{{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot}}}\right)$	[10.45, 12]	[10.49, 12]	[10.23, 11.7]	[10.45, 12]

${log}_{10} (\frac{M_{\min, X}}{M_{⊙}})$ ${\log}_{\mathrm{10}}\left(\frac{{M_{\mathrm{min,X}}}}{{{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot}}}\right)$	[10.78, 12.]	[10.76, 12]	[10.5, 11.7]	[10.7, 12]

log₁₀(f_X)	[–3, 1.54]	X	[0.6, 3]	X

Notes. The first column shows the list of source parameters, the following three constraints obtained from the Single-z analysis at three redshifts, and the last one those obtained with the Joint-z analysis. All these are disfavoured limits at 68% credible intervals level. The ‘X’ sign means that the credible intervals span the entire prior range of a parameter. The 95% disfavoured credible intervals span the entire prior ranges for all cases and thus are not shown here.

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