Distribution of solar-wind velocity in (a) XY and (c) XZ planes for Case 1, overlapping with its vectors. The distribution of the radial gradient of the solar-wind velocity in the (b) XY and (d) XZ planes for Case 1 is shown overlapping with dashed average bow-shock locations (Vignes et al. 2000). (e) Martian-bow-shock layer colored based on the magnitude of the solar-wind velocity and overlapping with its vectors for Case 1. (f) Locations of X_{MS E} at Martian-bow-shock layer for Case 1 along with three corresponding contoured solid lines, as viewed from the Sun.