Properties of galaxies in the simulated dataset. (a) Distributions of key galaxy properties, including redshift (first panel), M_star (second panel), SFR (third panel), and m_H (bottom panel), arranged from top to bottom. (b) Upper panel: Distribution of galaxies in the log(M_star) versus log(SFR) diagram, highlighting their representation of both main-sequence star-forming galaxies and passive galaxies. Galaxies are colour-coded by their Hα line flux. For reference, we show the trends of the main sequence at z = 0.5 − 1 (blue points) and at z = 1.5 − 2 (red points) reported by Whitaker et al. (2014), and the best fit for the main sequence at z ∼ 1 by Speagle et al. (2014). Lower panel: flux distribution of the Hα line.