Fig. 1

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Spiral pattern speeds Ωs,1(R), Ωs,2(R) and Ωs,3(R) of the multiple spiral modes moving at different pattern speeds of Model A in Spitoni et al. (2023) are indicated by the three coloured horizontal lines. Inner and outer spiral structures (moving with the above-mentioned pattern speeds) are also indicated by the thicker grey, blue and green light-blue, respectively. The disc angular velocity Ωd(R) computed by Roca-Fàbrega et al. (2014) is indicated with the dotted line. The 2:1 and 4:1 outer and inner Lindblad resonances (OLR and ILR) occur along the solid and dashed black curves, respectively. Resonances have been computed as Ωp2(R) = Ωd(R) ± κ/2 and Ωp4(R) = Ωd(R) ± κ/4, respectively where κ is the local radial epicyclic frequency. The long vertical dashed lines show the positions of the co-rotation radii assuming the three different ΩS values.
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