Attitudes of BepiColombo and Solar Orbiter with respect to Venus and the Sun. Upper panel: trajectories of BepiColombo during its second Venus flyby (in purple) and SolO (in blue), in the Venus Sun Orbital (VSO) coordinate system. Each green and red dot represents the starting and ending points of each spacecraft’s trajectory, respectively. Lower panel: radial distance (in Venus radius, 6052 km) between BepiColombo and SolO (in black), and angle θ (in red) between SolO, the Sun, and BepiColombo, in the Heliocentric Inertia (HCI) coordinate system.