Model results for the proton energy spectrum along BepiColombo Mercury swingby 2 trajectory. Panel a shows all particles, and panel b only shows particles moving in a sunward (υ_x < 0) direction. The white horizontal dashed line represents the solar wind energy input parameter, and CA denotes the closest approach. The numbers 1−5 indicate magnetopsheric region or boundary crossings: (1) inbound magnetopause crossing, (2 to 3) grazing of the magnetotail, (4) the outbound magnetopause crossing, and (5) the outbound bow shock crossing. The white bar between 09:19 UTC and 10:02 indicates the area where a higher resolution (refinement) was used.