Example of identified locations of the Martian MPB from simulation data on the X−Y plane (panel a), the X−Z plane (panel b), and in 3D (panel c) in the MSO coordinate system. The solar wind conditions for this example are B_X = −1.6776 nT, B_Y = 2.4871 nT, B_Z = 0 nT, and P_d = 1.06 nPa (n = 4.0 cm⁻³, V_X = −400.0 km s⁻¹ ). The black circles are the determined MPB locations in each panel. Panels a and b: color code displays the total pressure of solar wind (P_tot_sw = P_th_sw + P_d_sw in nPa) and the white arrows represent the vectors of the solar wind velocity.