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Fig. 21

image

Schematic illustration of the growth of protoplanets. The brown filled circles denote the protoplanets. The assumed Stokes numbers and the turbulence strengths are shown. The transition from the Stokes to the Epstein regime occurs at ~ 0.6 au in ourparameter set. In the early phase of planetary growth, the planet-induced gas flow does not inhibit pebble accretion for a range of the Stokes numbers considered here. When the planetary mass reaches m ~ 0.03 (the planet-induced flow isolation mass, mPI, iso), pebble accretion begins to be suppressed only in the inner region of the disk. The subsequent growth of the protoplanets in the inner region of the disk is highly suppressed (dashed arrow; Paper I)

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