Scaling coefficients for synchrotron spectral index α and thermal dust emissivity β, and excess , for 9 different masks. The panels from top to bottom show results at 44, 70, and 100 GHz, respectively. For 44 and 70 GHz data, the dotted vertical line shows the mask used for parameter estimation with the low-ℓ 2018 LFI likelihood, while for 100 GHz data it shows the largest mask for which Δχ² ≤ 3.