| Issue |
A&A
Volume 594, October 2016
Planck 2015 results
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Article Number | A1 | |
| Number of page(s) | 38 | |
| Section | Cosmology (including clusters of galaxies) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201527101 | |
| Published online | 20 September 2016 | |
Planck 2015 results
I. Overview of products and scientific results
1 APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
2 Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory and Dept of Radio Science and Engineering, PO Box 13000, 00076 Aalto, Finland
3 Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, PO Box 13000, 00076 Aalto, Finland
4 Academy of Sciences of Tatarstan, Bauman Str., 20, Kazan, 420111, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia
5 African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 6-8 Melrose Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town, South Africa
6 Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Science Data Center, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133, Roma, Italy
7 Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LAM (Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille) UMR 7326, 13388, Marseille, France
8 Aix Marseille Université, Centre de Physique Théorique, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, France
9 Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
10 Astrophysics & Cosmology Research Unit, School of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
11 Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, ALMA Santiago Central Offices, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla763 0355, Santiago, Chile
12 CGEE, SCS Qd 9, Lote C, Torre C, 4° andar, Ed. Parque Cidade Corporate, CEP 70308-200, Brasília, DF, Brazil
13 CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
14 CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
15 CRANN, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
16 California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
17 Centre for Theoretical Cosmology, DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
18 Centro de Estudios de Física del Cosmos de Aragón (CEFCA), Plaza San Juan, 1, Planta 2, 44001, Teruel, Spain
19 Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
20 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
21 DSM/Irfu/SPP, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
22 DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
23 Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, 24 quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
24 Dark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
25 Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
26 Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Calvo Sotelo s/n, Oviedo, Spain
27 Departamento de Matemáticas, Estadística y Computación, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
28 Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Calvo Sotelo s/n, Oviedo, Spain
29 Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
30 Department of Astronomy and Geodesy, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str., 18, Kazan, 420008, Russia
31 Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
32 Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
33 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letter, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
34 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg Center 435, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
35 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
36 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK
37 Department of Physics, Florida State University, Keen Physics Building, 77 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
38 Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
39 Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
40 Department of Physics, University of Alberta, 11322-89 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G7, Canada
41 Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
42 Department of Physics, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, USA
43 Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
44 Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois, USA
45 Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
46 Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
47 Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
48 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 2, Roma, Italy
49 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, Milano, Italy
50 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, via A. Valerio 2, Trieste, Italy
51 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, Italy
52 Dipartimento di Matematica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, Italy
53 Discovery Center, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
54 Discovery Center, Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen University, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
55 European Southern Observatory, ESO Vitacura, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 19001, Santiago, Chile
56 European Space Agency, ESAC, Camino bajo del Castillo s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
57 European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
58 European SpaceAgency, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
59 Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), University of Turku, Väisäläntie 20, 21500 Piikkiö, Finland
60 GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, Section de Meudon, 5 place J. Janssen, 92195 Meudon Cedex, France
61 Gran Sasso Science Institute, INFN, viale F. Crispi 7, 67100 L’ Aquila, Italy
62 HGSFP and University of Heidelberg, Theoretical Physics Department, Philosophenweg 16, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
63 Haverford College Astronomy Department, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, Pennsylvania, USA
64 Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
65 ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research, Instituto de Física Teórica, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
66 INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, Catania, Italy
67 INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, Padova, Italy
68 INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via di Frascati 33, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
69 INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G.B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, Italy
70 INAF/IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
71 INAF/IASF Milano, Via E. Bassini 15, Milano, Italy
72 INFN, Sezione di Bologna, viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
73 INFN, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
74 INFN, Sezione di Roma 1, Università di Roma Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
75 INFN, Sezione di Roma 2, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, Italy
76 INFN/National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
77 IPAG: Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, Université Grenoble Alpes, IPAG; CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
78 ISDC, Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
79 IUCAA, Post Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune University Campus, Pune 411 007, India
80 Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
81 Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
82 Institut Néel, CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, 25 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble, France
83 Institut Universitaire de France, 103 bd Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, France
84 Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât. 121, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
85 Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR 7095), 98bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
86 Institut für Theoretische Teilchenphysik und Kosmologie, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
87 Institute for Space Sciences, Bucharest-Magurale, Romania
88 Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
89 Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
90 Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE), Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000 Puebla, México
91 Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
92 Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
93 Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00040 Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
94 Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
95 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
96 Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
97 Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
98 Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK
99 Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya St., Kazan 420008, Russia
100 LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
101 LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l’Observatoire, Paris, France
102 LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, UPMC, Université Paris-Diderot, 5 Place J. Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
103 Laboratoire AIM, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique - CEA/DSM - CNRS - Université Paris Diderot, Bât. 709, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
104 Laboratoire Traitement et Communication de l’Information, CNRS (UMR 5141) and Télécom ParisTech, 46 rue Barrault, 75634 Paris Cedex 13, France
105 Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, 53 rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
106 Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Université Paris-Sud 11 & CNRS, Bâtiment 210, 91405 Orsay, France
107 Lawrence BerkeleyNational Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
108 Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Astro Space Centre, 84/32 Profsoyuznaya st., GSP-7, Moscow, 117997, Russia
109 Leung Center for Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
110 Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
111 Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstraße, 85748 Garching, Germany
112 McGill Physics, Ernest Rutherford Physics Building, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2T8, Canada
113 Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutsky per., 9, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russia
114 Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
115 National University of Ireland, Department of Experimental Physics, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
116 Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland
117 Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
118 Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen University, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
119 Nordita (Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics), Roslagstullsbacken 23, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
120 Optical Science Laboratory, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK
121 Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo ON N2L 2Y5, Canada
122 Physics Department, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
123 SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
124 SMARTEST Research Centre, Università degli Studi e-Campus, Via Isimbardi 10, Novedrate (CO), 22060, Italy
125 School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, 4000 Durban, South Africa
126 School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK
127 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
128 Simon Fraser University, Department of Physics, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby BC, Canada
129 Sorbonne Université-UPMC, UMR7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
130 Space Research Institute (IKI), Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Str, 84/32, 117997 Moscow, Russia
131 Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
132 Special Astrophysical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhnij Arkhyz, Zelenchukskiy region, 369167 Karachai-Cherkessian Republic, Russia
133 Stanford University, Dept of Physics, Varian Physics Bldg, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California, USA
134 Sterrewacht Leiden, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
135 Sub-Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
136 Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics A28, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
137 TÜBİTAK National Observatory, Akdeniz University Campus, 07058 Antalya, Turkey
138 The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
139 Theory Division, PH-TH, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
140 UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7095, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
141 Universität Heidelberg, Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik, Philosophenweg 12, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
142 Université Denis Diderot (Paris 7), 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
143 Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
144 Universities Space Research Association, Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, MS 232-11, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
145 University Observatory, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 Munich, Germany
146 University of Granada, Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Facultad de Ciencias, Granada, Spain
147 University of Granada, Instituto Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional, Granada, Spain
148 University of Heidelberg, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
149 W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
150 Warsaw University Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland
⋆
Corresponding author: C. R. Lawrence, e-mail: charles.lawrence@jpl.nasa.gov
Received: 1 August 2015
Accepted: 18 January 2016
The European Space Agency’s Planck satellite, which is dedicated to studying the early Universe and its subsequent evolution, was launched on 14 May 2009. It scanned the microwave and submillimetre sky continuously between 12 August 2009 and 23 October 2013. In February 2015, ESA and the Planck Collaboration released the second set of cosmology products based ondata from the entire Planck mission, including both temperature and polarization, along with a set of scientific and technical papers and a web-based explanatory supplement. This paper gives an overview of the main characteristics of the data and the data products in the release, as well as the associated cosmological and astrophysical science results and papers. The data products include maps of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), the thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect, diffuse foregrounds in temperature and polarization, catalogues of compact Galactic and extragalactic sources (including separate catalogues of Sunyaev-Zeldovich clusters and Galactic cold clumps), and extensive simulations of signals and noise used in assessing uncertainties and the performance of the analysis methods. The likelihood code used to assess cosmological models against the Planck data is described, along with a CMB lensing likelihood. Scientific results include cosmological parameters derived from CMB power spectra, gravitational lensing, and cluster counts, as well as constraints on inflation, non-Gaussianity, primordial magnetic fields, dark energy, and modified gravity, and new results on low-frequency Galactic foregrounds.
Key words: cosmology: observations / cosmic background radiation / surveys / space vehicles: instruments / instrumentation: detectors
© ESO, 2016
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