Planck intermediate results

LVII. Joint Planck LFI and HFI data processing

¹ APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 Rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
² African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 6-8 Melrose Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town, South Africa
³ Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
⁴ Astrophysics & Cosmology Research Unit, School of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
⁵ CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
⁶ CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. Colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
⁷ Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
⁸ California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
⁹ Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
¹⁰ Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, 24 Quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
¹¹ Département de Physique, École normale supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
¹² Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
¹³ Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Federico García Lorca 18, Oviedo, Spain
¹⁴ Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
¹⁵ Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, BC, Canada
¹⁶ Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
¹⁷ Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
¹⁸ Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
¹⁹ Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
²⁰ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
²¹ Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
²² Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, P. le A. Moro 2, Roma, Italy
²³ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, Milano, Italy
²⁴ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via A. Valerio 2, Trieste, Italy
²⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, Roma, Italy
²⁶ European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
²⁷ European Space Agency, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
²⁸ Gran Sasso Science Institute, INFN, Viale F. Crispi 7, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
²⁹ HEP Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
³⁰ Haverford College Astronomy Department, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, PA, USA
³¹ Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
³² IFPU – Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Via Beirut 2, 34014 Trieste, Italy
³³ INAF – OAS Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
³⁴ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, Padova, Italy
³⁵ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G.B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, Italy
³⁶ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G.B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy
³⁷ INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
³⁸ INAF/IASF Milano, Via E. Bassini 15, Milano, Italy
³⁹ INFN – CNAF, viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
⁴⁰ INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
⁴¹ INFN, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
⁴² INFN, Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, Milano, Italy
⁴³ INFN, Sezione di Roma 2, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, Roma, Italy
⁴⁴ IUCAA, Post Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune University Campus, Pune 411 007, India
⁴⁵ Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
⁴⁶ Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
⁴⁷ Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât. 121, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
⁴⁸ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁴⁹ Institute Lorentz, Leiden University, PO Box 9506, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
⁵⁰ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern Oslo, Norway
⁵¹ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁵² Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
⁵³ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
⁵⁴ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, USA
⁵⁵ Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
⁵⁶ Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
⁵⁷ LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
⁵⁸ Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, 53 Rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
⁵⁹ Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Université Paris-Sud 11 & CNRS, Bâtiment 210, 91405 Orsay, France
⁶⁰ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
⁶¹ Low Temperature Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, 00076 AALTO, Finland
⁶² Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
⁶³ Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
⁶⁴ National Centre for Nuclear Research, ul. L. Pasteura 7, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
⁶⁵ SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
⁶⁶ San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
⁶⁷ School of Physical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Jatni 752050, Odissa, India
⁶⁸ School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
⁶⁹ School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-sen University, 2 Daxue Rd, Tangjia, Zhuhai, PR China
⁷⁰ School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
⁷¹ School of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala PO, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, 695551 Kerala, India
⁷² Simon Fraser University, Department of Physics, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada
⁷³ Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁷⁴ Sorbonne Université, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, École normale supérieure, CNRS, LERMA, 75005 Paris, France
⁷⁵ Space Science Data Center – Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
⁷⁶ Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
⁷⁷ The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
⁷⁸ Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
⁷⁹ Warsaw University Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland

Received: 2 April 2020
Accepted: 1 July 2020

Abstract

We present the NPIPE processing pipeline, which produces calibrated frequency maps in temperature and polarization from data from the Planck Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) and High Frequency Instrument (HFI) using high-performance computers. NPIPE represents a natural evolution of previous Planck analysis efforts, and combines some of the most powerful features of the separate LFI and HFI analysis pipelines. For example, following the LFI 2018 processing procedure, NPIPE uses foreground polarization priors during the calibration stage in order to break scanning-induced degeneracies. Similarly, NPIPE employs the HFI 2018 time-domain processing methodology to correct for bandpass mismatch at all frequencies. In addition, NPIPE introduces several improvements, including, but not limited to: inclusion of the 8% of data collected during repointing manoeuvres; smoothing of the LFI reference load data streams; in-flight estimation of detector polarization parameters; and construction of maximally independent detector-set split maps. For component-separation purposes, important improvements include: maps that retain the CMB Solar dipole, allowing for high-precision relative calibration in higher-level analyses; well-defined single-detector maps, allowing for robust CO extraction; and HFI temperature maps between 217 and 857 GHz that are binned into 0′.9 pixels (N_side = 4096), ensuring that the full angular information in the data is represented in the maps even at the highest Planck resolutions. The net effect of these improvements is lower levels of noise and systematics in both frequency and component maps at essentially all angular scales, as well as notably improved internal consistency between the various frequency channels. Based on the NPIPE maps, we present the first estimate of the Solar dipole determined through component separation across all nine Planck frequencies. The amplitude is (3366.6 ± 2.7) μK, consistent with, albeit slightly higher than, earlier estimates. From the large-scale polarization data, we derive an updated estimate of the optical depth of reionization of τ = 0.051 ± 0.006, which appears robust with respect to data and sky cuts. There are 600 complete signal, noise and systematics simulations of the full-frequency and detector-set maps. As a Planck first, these simulations include full time-domain processing of the beam-convolved CMB anisotropies. The release of NPIPE maps and simulations is accompanied with a complete suite of raw and processed time-ordered data and the software, scripts, auxiliary data, and parameter files needed to improve further on the analysis and to run matching simulations.