Issue |
A&A
Volume 594, October 2016
Planck 2015 results
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | A9 | |
Number of page(s) | 42 | |
Section | Cosmology (including clusters of galaxies) | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201525936 | |
Published online | 20 September 2016 |
Planck 2015 results
IX. Diffuse component separation: CMB maps
1 APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
2 African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 6−8 Melrose Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town, South Africa
3 Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Science Data Center, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
4 Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LAM (Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille) UMR 7326, 13388 Marseille, France
5 Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
6 Astrophysics & Cosmology Research Unit, School of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, 4000 Durban, South Africa
7 Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, ALMA Santiago Central Offices, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 763 0355, Santiago, Chile
8 CGEE, SCS Qd 9, Lote C, Torre C, 4°; andar, Ed. Parque Cidade Corporate, CEP 70308-200, Brasília, DF, Brazil
9 CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
10 CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
11 CRANN, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
12 California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
13 Centre for Theoretical Cosmology, DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
14 Centro de Estudios de Física del Cosmos de Aragón (CEFCA), Plaza San Juan, 1, planta 2, 44001 Teruel, Spain
15 Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
16 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
17 DSM/Irfu/SPP, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
18 DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
19 Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, 24 quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
20 Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
21 Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Calvo Sotelo s/n, Oviedo, Spain
22 Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
23 Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
24 Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
25 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letter, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
26 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
27 Department of Physics, Florida State University, Keen Physics Building, 77 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
28 Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, 0065 Helsinki, Finland
29 Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
30 Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
31 Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois, USA
32 Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
33 Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
34 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 2, 00133 Roma, Italy
35 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
36 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, via A. Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
37 Dipartimento di Matematica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
38 Discovery Center, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
39 Discovery Center, Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen University, Blegdamsvej 17, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
40 European Southern Observatory, ESO Vitacura, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 19001, Santiago, Chile
41 European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
42 European Space Agency, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
43 Gran Sasso Science Institute, INFN, viale F. Crispi 7, 67100 L’ Aquila, Italy
44 HGSFP and University of Heidelberg, Theoretical Physics Department, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
45 Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 0065 Helsinki, Finland
46 INAF−Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
47 INAF−Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via di Frascati 33, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
48 INAF−Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via G.B. Tiepolo 11, 34127 Trieste, Italy
49 INAF/IASF Bologna, via Gobetti 101, 40127 Bologna, Italy
50 INAF/IASF Milano, via E. Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
51 INFN, Sezione di Bologna, viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
52 INFN, Sezione di Ferrara, via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
53 INFN, Sezione di Roma 1, Università di Roma Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
54 INFN, Sezione di Roma 2, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, 00185 Roma, Italy
55 INFN/National Institute for Nuclear Physics, via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
56 IPAG: Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, Université Grenoble Alpes, IPAG, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
57 IUCAA, Post Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune University Campus, 411 007 Pune, India
58 ImperialCollege London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
59 Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
60 Institut Néel, CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, 25 rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
61 Institut Universitaire de France, 103 bd Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, France
62 Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât. 121, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
63 Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR 7095), 98bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
64 Institut für Theoretische Teilchenphysik und Kosmologie, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
65 Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
66 Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0371 Oslo, Norway
67 Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
68 Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
69 Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
70 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
71 Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
72 Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
73 Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK
74 Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya St., 420008 Kazan, Russia
75 LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, 91898 Orsay, France
76 LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 avenue de l’Observatoire, 75000 Paris, France
77 Laboratoire AIM, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique − CEA/DSM − CNRS − Université Paris Diderot, Bât. 709, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
78 Laboratoire Traitement et Communication de l’Information, CNRS (UMR 5141) and Télécom ParisTech, 46 rue Barrault, 75634 Paris Cedex 13, France
79 Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, 53 rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
80 Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Université Paris-Sud 11 & CNRS, Bâtiment 210, 91405 Orsay, France
81 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
82 Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Astro Space Centre, 84/32 Profsoyuznaya st., 117997 Moscow, Russia
83 Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
84 McGill Physics, Ernest Rutherford Physics Building, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2T8, Canada
85 National University of Ireland, Department of Experimental Physics, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
86 Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland
87 Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
88 Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen University, Blegdamsvej 17, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
89 Nordita (Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics), Roslagstullsbacken 23, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
90 Optical Science Laboratory, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK
91 SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
92 SMARTEST Research Centre, Università degli Studi e-Campus, via Isimbardi 10, 22060 Novedrate (CO), Italy
93 School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK
94 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
95 Sorbonne Université-UPMC, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
96 Space Research Institute (IKI), Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Str, 84/32, 117997 Moscow, Russia
97 Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
98 Special Astrophysical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhnij Arkhyz, Zelenchukskiy region, 369167 Karachai-Cherkessian Republic, Russia
99 Sub-Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
100 The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, Department of Physics,Stockholm University, AlbaNova, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
101 Theory Division, PH-TH, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
102 UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR 7095, 98bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
103 Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
104 Universities Space Research Association, Stratospheric Observatory for InfraredAstronomy, MS 232-11, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
105 University of Granada, Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Facultad de Ciencias, 18071 Granada, Spain
106 University of Granada, Instituto Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional, Granada, Spain
107 Warsaw University Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland
Received: 20 February 2015
Accepted: 23 April 2016
We present foreground-reduced cosmic microwave background (CMB) maps derived from the full Planck data set in both temperature and polarization. Compared to the corresponding Planck 2013 temperature sky maps, the total data volume is larger by a factor of 3.2 for frequencies between 30 and 70 GHz, and by 1.9 for frequencies between 100 and 857 GHz. In addition, systematic errors in the forms of temperature-to-polarization leakage, analogue-to-digital conversion uncertainties, and very long time constant errors have been dramatically reduced, to the extent that the cosmological polarization signal may now be robustly recovered on angular scales ℓ ≳ 40. On the very largest scales, instrumental systematic residuals are still non-negligible compared to the expected cosmological signal, and modes with ℓ< 20 are accordingly suppressed in the current polarization maps by high-pass filtering. As in 2013, four different CMB component separation algorithms are applied to these observations, providing a measure of stability with respect to algorithmic and modelling choices. The resulting polarization maps have rms instrumental noise ranging between 0.21 and 0.27μK averaged over 55′ pixels, and between 4.5 and 6.1μK averaged over pixels. The cosmological parameters derived from the analysis of temperature power spectra are in agreement at the 1σ level with the Planck 2015 likelihood. Unresolved mismatches between the noise properties of the data and simulations prevent a satisfactory description of the higher-order statistical properties of the polarization maps. Thus, the primary applications of these polarization maps are those that do not require massive simulations for accurate estimation of uncertainties, for instance estimation of cross-spectra and cross-correlations, or stacking analyses. However, the amplitude of primordial non-Gaussianity is consistent with zero within 2σ for all local, equilateral, and orthogonal configurations of the bispectrum, including for polarization E-modes. Moreover, excellent agreement is found regarding the lensing B-mode power spectrum, both internally among the various component separation codes and with the best-fit Planck 2015 Λ cold dark matter model.
Key words: cosmology: observations / polarization / cosmic background radiation / diffuse radiation
© ESO, 2016
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