Planck 2018 results

IV. Diffuse component separation

¹ AIM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
² APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
³ African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 6-8 Melrose Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town, South Africa
⁴ Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
⁵ Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
⁶ Astrophysics & Cosmology Research Unit, School of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, 4000 Durban, South Africa
⁷ CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George St., M5S 3H8 Toronto, ON, Canada
⁸ CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
⁹ Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
¹⁰ California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
¹¹ Centre for Theoretical Cosmology, DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge, CB3 0WA, UK
¹² Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
¹³ Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, 24 quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
¹⁴ Département de Physique, École normale supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
¹⁵ Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
¹⁶ Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Federico García Lorca, 18, Oviedo, Spain
¹⁷ Departamento de Física Matematica, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1371 São Paulo, Brazil
¹⁸ Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
¹⁹ Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
²⁰ Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, 7535 Cape Town, South Africa
²¹ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK
²² Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
²³ Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
²⁴ Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
²⁵ Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL, USA
²⁶ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
²⁷ Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
²⁸ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 2, Roma, Italy
²⁹ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, Milano, Italy
³⁰ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via A. Valerio 2, Trieste, Italy
³¹ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, Roma, Italy
³² European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
³³ European Space Agency, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201, AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
³⁴ Gran Sasso Science Institute, INFN, Viale F. Crispi 7, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
³⁵ Haverford College Astronomy Department, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, PA, USA
³⁶ Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
³⁷ INAF – OAS Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
³⁸ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, Padova, Italy
³⁹ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G.B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, Italy
⁴⁰ INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁴¹ INAF/IASF Milano, Via E. Bassini 15, Milano, Italy
⁴² INFN – CNAF, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
⁴³ INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
⁴⁴ INFN, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
⁴⁵ INFN, Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, Milano, Italy
⁴⁶ INFN, Sezione di Roma 1, Università di Roma Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
⁴⁷ INFN, Sezione di Roma 2, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, Roma, Italy
⁴⁸ Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
⁴⁹ Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât. 121, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
⁵⁰ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁵¹ Institute Lorentz, Leiden University, PO Box 9506, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
⁵² Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
⁵³ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
⁵⁴ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁵⁵ Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
⁵⁶ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
⁵⁷ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, USA
⁵⁸ Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
⁵⁹ Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
⁶⁰ Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
⁶¹ Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU, WPI), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, 277-8583 Chiba, Japan
⁶² Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, 53, rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
⁶³ Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Université Paris-Sud 11 & CNRS, Bâtiment 210, 91405 Orsay, France
⁶⁴ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
⁶⁵ Low Temperature Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto Espoo, Finland
⁶⁶ Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
⁶⁷ Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
⁶⁸ NAOC-UKZN Computational Astrophysics Centre (NUCAC), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 4000 Durban, South Africa
⁶⁹ National Centre for Nuclear Research, ul. A. Soltana 7, 05-400 Otwock, Poland
⁷⁰ Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland
⁷¹ SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
⁷² San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
⁷³ School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, 4000 Durban, South Africa
⁷⁴ School of Physical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, 752050 Jatni, Odissa, India
⁷⁵ School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
⁷⁶ School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-sen University, 2 Daxue Rd, Tangjia, Zhuhai, PR China
⁷⁷ School of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala PO, Vithura, 695551 Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
⁷⁸ Simon Fraser University, Department of Physics, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada
⁷⁹ Sorbonne Université, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, École normale supérieure, CNRS, LERMA, 75005 Paris, France
⁸⁰ Sorbonne Université-UPMC, UMR7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁸¹ Space Science Data Center – Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
⁸² Spacen Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
⁸³ The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
⁸⁴ UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7095, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁸⁵ Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
⁸⁶ Warsaw University Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland

Received: 16 July 2018
Accepted: 13 January 2019

Abstract

We present full-sky maps of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and polarized synchrotron and thermal dust emission, derived from the third set of Planck frequency maps. These products have significantly lower contamination from instrumental systematic effects than previous versions. The methodologies used to derive these maps follow closely those described in earlier papers, adopting four methods (Commander, NILC, SEVEM, and SMICA) to extract the CMB component, as well as three methods (Commander, GNILC, and SMICA) to extract astrophysical components. Our revised CMB temperature maps agree with corresponding products in the Planck 2015 delivery, whereas the polarization maps exhibit significantly lower large-scale power, reflecting the improved data processing described in companion papers; however, the noise properties of the resulting data products are complicated, and the best available end-to-end simulations exhibit relative biases with respect to the data at the few percent level. Using these maps, we are for the first time able to fit the spectral index of thermal dust independently over 3° regions. We derive a conservative estimate of the mean spectral index of polarized thermal dust emission of β_d = 1.55  ±  0.05, where the uncertainty marginalizes both over all known systematic uncertainties and different estimation techniques. For polarized synchrotron emission, we find a mean spectral index of β_s = −3.1  ±  0.1, consistent with previously reported measurements. We note that the current data processing does not allow for construction of unbiased single-bolometer maps, and this limits our ability to extract CO emission and correlated components. The foreground results for intensity derived in this paper therefore do not supersede corresponding Planck 2015 products. For polarization the new results supersede the corresponding 2015 products in all respects.