Planck 2013 results. XII. Diffuse component separation

¹ APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
² Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory and Dept of Radio Science and Engineering, PO Box 13000, 00076 Aalto, Finland
³ African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, , 6–8 Melrose Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town 7945, South Africa
⁴ Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Science Data Center, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
⁵ Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Viale Liegi 26, 00198 Roma, Italy
⁶ Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
⁷ Astrophysics & Cosmology Research Unit, School of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, 4000 Durban, South Africa
⁸ Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, ALMA Santiago Central Offices, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 763 0355, Santiago, Chile
⁹ CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
¹⁰ CNR – ISTI, Area della Ricerca, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
¹¹ CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
¹² California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
¹³ Centre for Theoretical Cosmology, DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
¹⁴ Centro de Estudios de Física del Cosmos de Aragón (CEFCA), Plaza San Juan 1, planta 2, 44001 Teruel, Spain
¹⁵ Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
¹⁶ Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
¹⁷ DSM/Irfu/SPP, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
¹⁸ DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
¹⁹ Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, 24 Quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
²⁰ Departamento de Física Fundamental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
²¹ Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, , Avda. Calvo Sotelo s/n, 33007 Oviedo, Spain
²² Departamento de Matemáticas, Estadística y Computación, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
²³ Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
²⁴ Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
²⁵ Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
²⁶ Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
²⁷ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letter, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, , Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
²⁸ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
²⁹ Department of Physics, Florida State University, , Keen Physics Building, 77 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
³⁰ Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
³¹ Department of Physics, Princeton University, , Princeton, New Jersey, USA
³² Department of Physics, University of California, , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, USA
³³ Department of Physics, University of California, , Santa Barbara, California, USA
³⁴ Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois, USA
³⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
³⁶ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degliStudi di Bologna, viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
³⁷ Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
³⁸ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, , P.le A. Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
³⁹ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁴⁰ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, via A. Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
⁴¹ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
⁴² Discovery Center, Niels Bohr Institute, , Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
⁴³ Dpto. Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), , 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁴⁴ European Southern Observatory, ESO Vitacura, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 19001 Santiago, Chile
⁴⁵ European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
⁴⁶ European Space Agency, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
⁴⁷ Haverford College Astronomy Department, , 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, Pennsylvania, USA
⁴⁸ Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
⁴⁹ INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
⁵⁰ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
⁵¹ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via di Frascati 33, 00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
⁵² INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via G.B. Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy
⁵³ INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁵⁴ INAF/IASF Bologna, via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁵⁵ INAF/IASF Milano, via E. Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁵⁶ INFN, Sezione di Bologna, via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
⁵⁷ INFN, Sezione di Roma 1, Università di Roma Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
⁵⁸ INFN/National Institute for Nuclear Physics, , via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
⁵⁹ IPAG: Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 1/CNRS-INSU, UMR 5274, 38041 Grenoble, France
⁶⁰ ISDC Data Centre for Astrophysics, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
⁶¹ IUCAA, Post Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune University Campus, 411 007 Pune, India
⁶² Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
⁶³ Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
⁶⁴ Institut Néel, CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, 25 rue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
⁶⁵ Institut Universitaire de France, 103 Bd Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, France
⁶⁶ Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, 91405 Orsay, France
⁶⁷ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), , 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁶⁸ Institute for Space Sciences, 077125 Bucharest-Magurale, Romania
⁶⁹ Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 0617 Taipei, Taiwan
⁷⁰ Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, , Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
⁷¹ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
⁷² Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, 38205, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁷³ Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
⁷⁴ Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, CNR-ENEA-EURATOM Association, via R. Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy
⁷⁵ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
⁷⁶ Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
⁷⁷ Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, , Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK
⁷⁸ Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara Kohn Hall, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
⁷⁹ LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, , 91898 Orsay, France
⁸⁰ LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l’Observatoire, Paris, France
⁸¹ Laboratoire AIM, IRFU/Serviced’Astrophysique – CEA/DSM – CNRS – Université Paris Diderot, Bât. 709, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
⁸² Laboratoire Traitement et Communication de l’Information, CNRS (UMR 5141) and Télécom ParisTech, 46 rue Barrault, 75634 Paris Cedex 13, France
⁸³ Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, CNRS/IN2P3, Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, 53 rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
⁸⁴ Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Université Paris-Sud 11 & CNRS, Bâtiment 210, 91405 Orsay, France
⁸⁵ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, , Berkeley, California, USA
⁸⁶ Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
⁸⁷ McGill Physics, Ernest Rutherford Physics Building, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2T8, Canada
⁸⁸ MilliLab, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 3, 02044 Espoo, Finland
⁸⁹ National University of Ireland, Department of Experimental Physics, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
⁹⁰ Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
⁹¹ Observational Cosmology, Mail Stop 367-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
⁹² Optical Science Laboratory, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK
⁹³ SB-ITP-LPPC, EPFL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
⁹⁴ SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
⁹⁵ School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, , Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK
⁹⁶ School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
⁹⁷ Space Research Institute (IKI), Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Str, 84/32, 117997 Moscow, Russia
⁹⁸ Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, , Berkeley, California, USA
⁹⁹ Stanford University, Dept of Physics, Varian Physics Bldg, 382 via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California, USA
¹⁰⁰ Sub-Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
¹⁰¹ Theory Division, PH-TH, CERN, 1211, Geneva 23, Switzerland
¹⁰² UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7095, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
¹⁰³ Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
¹⁰⁴ Universities Space Research Association, Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, MS 232-11, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
¹⁰⁵ University of Granada, Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Facultad de Ciencias, 18071 Granada, Spain
¹⁰⁶ Warsaw University Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland

Received: 26 March 2013
Accepted: 18 December 2013

Abstract

Planck has produced detailed all-sky observations over nine frequency bands between 30 and 857 GHz. These observations allow robust reconstruction of the primordial cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature fluctuations over nearly the full sky, as well as new constraints on Galactic foregrounds, including thermal dust and line emission from molecular carbon monoxide (CO). This paper describes the component separation framework adopted by Planck for many cosmological analyses, including CMB power spectrum determination and likelihood construction on large angular scales, studies of primordial non-Gaussianity and statistical isotropy, the integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect, gravitational lensing, and searches for topological defects. We test four foreground-cleaned CMB maps derived using qualitatively different component separation algorithms. The quality of our reconstructions is evaluated through detailed simulations and internal comparisons, and shown through various tests to be internally consistent and robust for CMB power spectrum and cosmological parameter estimation up to ℓ = 2000. The parameter constraints on ΛCDM cosmologies derived from these maps are consistent with those presented in the cross-spectrum based Planck likelihood analysis. We choose two of the CMB maps for specific scientific goals. We also present maps and frequency spectra of the Galactic low-frequency, CO, and thermal dust emission. The component maps are found to provide a faithful representation of the sky, as evaluated by simulations, with the largest bias seen in the CO component at 3%. For the low-frequency component, the spectral index varies widely over the sky, ranging from about β = −4 to − 2. Considering both morphology and prior knowledge of the low frequencycomponents, the index map allows us to associate a steep spectral index (β< −3.2) with strong anomalous microwave emission, corresponding to a spinning dust spectrum peaking below 20 GHz, a flat index of β> −2.3 with strong free-free emission, and intermediate values with synchrotron emission.