Planck 2013 results. I. Overview of products and scientific results

¹ APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
² Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory and Dept of Radio Science and Engineering, PO Box 13000, 00076 Aalto, Finland
³ Academy of Sciences of Tatarstan, Bauman Str., 20, 420111 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia
⁴ African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 6-8 Melrose Road, 4945 Muizenberg, Cape Town, South Africa
⁵ Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Science Data Center, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
⁶ Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Viale Liegi 26, 00198 Roma, Italy
⁷ Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Universität Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany
⁸ Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
⁹ Astrophysics & Cosmology Research Unit, School of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, 4000 Durban, South Africa
¹⁰ Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, ALMA Santiago Central Offices, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 763 0355 Santiago, Chile
¹¹ CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
¹² CNR – ISTI, Area della Ricerca, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
¹³ CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
¹⁴ California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
¹⁵ Centre for Theoretical Cosmology, DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
¹⁶ Centro de Astrofísica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal
¹⁷ Centro de Estudios de Física del Cosmos de Aragón (CEFCA), Plaza San Juan, 1, planta 2, 44001 Teruel, Spain
¹⁸ Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
¹⁹ Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
²⁰ DSM/Irfu/SPP, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
²¹ DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
²² Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, 24 quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
²³ Departamento de Física Fundamental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
²⁴ Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Calvo Sotelo s/n, 33007 Oviedo, Spain
²⁵ Departamento de Matemáticas, Estadística y Computación, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
²⁶ Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
²⁷ Department of Astronomy and Geodesy, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str., 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
²⁸ Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
²⁹ Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
³⁰ Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
³¹ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letter, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
³² Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
³³ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK
³⁴ Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
³⁵ Department of Physics, Florida State University, Keen Physics Building, 77 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
³⁶ Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
³⁷ Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
³⁸ Department of Physics, University of Alberta, 11322-89 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G7, Canada
³⁹ Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
⁴⁰ Department of Physics, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, USA
⁴¹ Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
⁴² Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois, USA
⁴³ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
⁴⁴ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Bologna, viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
⁴⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
⁴⁶ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
⁴⁷ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁴⁸ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, via A. Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
⁴⁹ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
⁵⁰ Dipartimento di Matematica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
⁵¹ Discovery Center, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
⁵² Dpto. Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁵³ European Southern Observatory, ESO Vitacura, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 19001 Santiago, Chile
⁵⁴ European Space Agency, ESAC, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
⁵⁵ European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
⁵⁶ European Space Agency, ESOC, Robert-Bosch-Str. 5, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
⁵⁷ European Space Agency, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
⁵⁸ Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), University of Turku, Väisäläntie 20, 21500 Piikkiö, Finland
⁵⁹ GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, Section de Meudon, 5 place J. Janssen, 92195 Meudon Cedex, France
⁶⁰ Haverford College Astronomy Department, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, Pennsylvania, USA
⁶¹ Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
⁶² INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
⁶³ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
⁶⁴ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via di Frascati 33, 00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
⁶⁵ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via G.B. Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy
⁶⁶ INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁶⁷ INAF/IASF Bologna, via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁶⁸ INAF/IASF Milano, via E. Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁶⁹ INFN, Sezione di Bologna, via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
⁷⁰ INFN, Sezione di Roma 1, Università di Roma Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
⁷¹ INFN/National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
⁷² IPAG: Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 1/CNRS-INSU, UMR 5274, 38041 Grenoble, France
⁷³ ISDC Data Centre for Astrophysics, University of Geneva, Ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
⁷⁴ IUCAA, Post Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune University Campus, 411 007 Pune, India
⁷⁵ Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
⁷⁶ Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
⁷⁷ Institut Néel, CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, 25 rue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
⁷⁸ Institut Universitaire de France, 103 bd Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, France
⁷⁹ Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR 8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, 91405 Orsay, France
⁸⁰ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR 7095), 98bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁸¹ Institut de Ciències de l’Espai, CSIC/IEEC, Facultat de Ciències, Campus UAB, Torre C5 par-2, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
⁸² Institute for Space Sciences, 77125 Bucharest-Magurale, Romania
⁸³ Institute of Astro and Particle Physics, Technikerstrasse 25/8, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
⁸⁴ Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
⁸⁵ Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
⁸⁶ Institute of Mathematics and Physics, Centre for Cosmology, Particle Physics and Phenomenology, 1348 Louvain University, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
⁸⁷ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, 1029 Blindern, Oslo, Norway
⁸⁸ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁸⁹ Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
⁹⁰ Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, CNR-ENEA-EURATOM Association, via R. Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy
⁹¹ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
⁹² Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
⁹³ Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK
⁹⁴ LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
⁹⁵ LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 avenue de l’Observatoire, Paris, France
⁹⁶ Laboratoire AIM, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique – CEA/DSM – CNRS – Université Paris Diderot, Bât. 709, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
⁹⁷ Laboratoire Traitement et Communication de l’Information, CNRS (UMR 5141) and Télécom ParisTech, 46 rue Barrault, 75634 Paris Cedex 13, France
⁹⁸ Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, CNRS/IN2P3, Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, 53 rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
⁹⁹ Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Université Paris-Sud 11 & CNRS, Bâtiment 210, 91405 Orsay, France
¹⁰⁰ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
¹⁰¹ Leung Center for Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
¹⁰² MPA Partner Group, Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nandan Road 80, 200030 Shanghai, PR China
¹⁰³ Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
¹⁰⁴ Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstraße, 85748 Garching, Germany
¹⁰⁵ McGill Physics, Ernest Rutherford Physics Building, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2T8, Canada
¹⁰⁶ MilliLab, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 3, 02044 Espoo, Finland
¹⁰⁷ Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Institutsky per., 9, Russia
¹⁰⁸ Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
¹⁰⁹ National University of Ireland, Department of Experimental Physics, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
¹¹⁰ Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
¹¹¹ Observational Cosmology, Mail Stop 367-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
¹¹² Optical Science Laboratory, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK
¹¹³ SB-ITP-LPPC, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
¹¹⁴ SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
¹¹⁵ SUPA, Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
¹¹⁶ School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK
¹¹⁷ School of Physics andAstronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
¹¹⁸ Space Research Institute (IKI), Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Str, 84/32, 117997 Moscow, Russia
¹¹⁹ Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
¹²⁰ Special Astrophysical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhnij Arkhyz, Zelenchukskiy region, 369167 Karachai-Cherkessian Republic, Russia
¹²¹ Stanford University, Dept of Physics, Varian Physics Bldg, 382 via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California, USA
¹²² Sub-Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
¹²³ Tübitak National Observatory, Akdeniz University Campus, 07058 Antalya, Turkey
¹²⁴ Theory Division, PH-TH, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
¹²⁵ UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7095, 98bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
¹²⁶ Universität Heidelberg, Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik, Philosophenweg 12, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
¹²⁷ Université Denis Diderot (Paris 7), 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
¹²⁸ Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
¹²⁹ Universities Space Research Association, Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, MS 232-11, Moffett Field CA 94035, USA
¹³⁰ University Observatory, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 Munich, Germany
¹³¹ University of Granada, Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Facultad de Ciencias, 18071 Granada, Spain
¹³² Warsaw University Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland

Received: 21 March 2013
Accepted: 17 May 2014

Abstract

The European Space Agency’s Planck satellite, dedicated to studying the early Universe and its subsequent evolution, was launched 14 May 2009 and has been scanning the microwave and submillimetre sky continuously since 12 August 2009. In March 2013, ESA and the Planck Collaboration released the initial cosmology products based on the first 15.5 months of Planck data, along with a set of scientific and technical papers and a web-based explanatory supplement. This paper gives an overview of the mission and its performance, the processing, analysis, and characteristics of the data, the scientific results, and the science data products and papers in the release. The science products include maps of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and diffuse extragalactic foregrounds, a catalogue of compact Galactic and extragalactic sources, and a list of sources detected through the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect. The likelihood code used to assess cosmological models against the Planck data and a lensing likelihood are described. Scientific results include robust support for the standard six-parameter ΛCDM model of cosmology and improved measurements of its parameters, including a highly significant deviation from scale invariance of the primordial power spectrum. The Planck values for these parameters and others derived from them are significantly different from those previously determined. Several large-scale anomalies in the temperature distribution of the CMB, first detected by WMAP, are confirmed with higher confidence. Planck sets new limits on the number and mass of neutrinos, and has measured gravitational lensing of CMB anisotropies at greater than 25σ. Planck finds no evidence for non-Gaussianity in the CMB. Planck’s results agree well with results from the measurements of baryon acoustic oscillations. Planck finds a lower Hubble constant than found in some more local measures. Some tension is also present between the amplitude of matter fluctuations (σ₈) derived from CMB data and that derived from Sunyaev-Zeldovich data. The Planck and WMAP power spectra are offset from each other by an average level of about 2% around the first acoustic peak. Analysis of Planck polarization data is not yet mature, therefore polarization results are not released, although the robust detection of E-mode polarization around CMB hot and cold spots is shown graphically.