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Issue
A&A
Volume 627, July 2019
Article Number A171
Number of page(s) 8
Section Atomic, molecular, and nuclear data
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935648
Published online 18 July 2019

© ESO 2019

1. Introduction

X-ray astronomy is primarily an observational science performed by detecting photons. Various types of spaced-based observatories, such as the Solar Maximum Mission (NASA), the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (NASA), Chandra (NASA) and XMM-Newton (ESA), have been launched to collect high-resolution X-ray data (Beiersdorfer 2003). It is well known that more than 95% of the visible matter in the universe is made of plasma, a mixture of electrons, atoms and positive and negative ions (Beyer & Shevelko 2003). Electron-ion collision processes that can result in line emissions, particularly, radiative recombination (RR) and dielectronic recombination (DR), are consequently important sources of radiation in astrophysical plasmas. In addition electron-ion recombination rate coefficients and electron impact ionization (EII) or photoionization (PI) cross sections are essential for deducing the charge state distribution (CSD) in a plasma. Accurate CSD data are required for determining further properties of a plasma, such as thermal structure and elemental abundances (Beiersdorfer 2003; Savin 2007). Uncertainties in the DR rate coefficients will carry through to the calculations of the ionization balance and to the inferred relative abundances and the first ionization potential factors (Savin & Laming 2002). Thus, reliable electron-ion recombination data are essential for astrophysicists and plasma modelers.

Dielectronic recombination is a two-step resonant process. It begins when a free electron collisionally excites an ion and is simultaneously captured into a Rydberg level. The doubly excited autoionizing states can either autoionize or decay radiatively to reduce its total energy below the ionization limit, which completes the DR process. RR is the time-inverse process of direct PI. The significance of DR was first recognized by Burgess (1964) as an important recombination mechanism in the solar corona, dominating over the direct RR channel in high-temperature plasmas. Most recombination rate coefficients of highly charged ions (HCIs) available in the literature are derived from theoretical calculations. However, the theoretical prediction of the DR resonance positions into a low-n Rydberg level is still a challenging task due to the strong electron correlation between the captured and the core electrons (Savin & Laming 2002). In addition, tractable calculations are usually based on reasonable approximations since an infinite number of states should be taken into account with a finite basis expansion (Hahn 1993). Spectroscopically observed core transition energies are usually used to improve the accuracy of the calculated DR resonance positions associated with the ΔN = 0 core excitations (Gu 2003). The currently available atomic codes still cannot produce DR rate coefficients with a sufficient precision at low electron-ion collision energies. Uncertainties of the resonance positions at low electron-ion collision energies can translate into huge discrepancies in the derived temperature dependent plasma rate coefficients (Schippers et al. 2004). Recent experimental studies have also shown that the previously calculated low-temperature DR rate coefficients are not reliable (Schippers 2009; Huang et al. 2018). Therefore, accurate experimental DR rate coefficients of astrophysical relevant HCIs are required to benchmark different theoretical methods to produce more reliable electron-ion recombination data.

Nickel is the second most abundant iron-peak heavy element (Feldman & Laming 2000; Asplund et al. 2009) in the solar system which also reflects the element abundance in the universe. Line emission originating from nickel ions has been widely observed from a variety of cosmic objects. Examples are the high-resolution X-ray spectra from two solar flares observed with Flat Crystal Spectrometer on board the Solar Maximum Mission (Phillips et al. 1982) or the Fe/Ni features observed during flares by the broadband RHESSI spectrometer (Phillips 2004). In addition, the unusual Ni/Fe abundance ratio in the Crab nebula filaments was found to exceed the solar ratio by an order of magnitude (Henry 1984). Summaries of the observed spectral lines associated with nickel ions and with astrophysical abundant elements have been given by Doschek & Feldman (2010) in a topical review. Radiation associated with DR of F-like ions via the fine structure core excitations provides the basis for new classes of electron temperature and density diagnostics in photoionized plasma (Savin et al. 1997, 1999). In addition to astrophysical plasmas, Ni is also an important heavy impurity in tokamak plasmas. Earlier attempts to model the fractional abundances were limited by the unreliable calculated DR rate coefficients (Group 1980). Here we present the absolute DR rate coefficients of F-like nickel ions from a heavy ion storage ring measurement as well as from the theoretical calculation with the flexible atomic code (FAC; Gu 2008).

Dielectronic recombination resonances associated with ΔN = 0 core excitations of F-like 58Ni19+ ions can be expressed as:

The associated excitation energies for and are 17.8486 eV and 149.054 eV, respectively (Kramida et al. 2018). The first channel involves the fine-structure core excitation of a 2p1/2 electron to the 2p3/2 subshell and the second channel involves the core excitation of a 2s1/2 electron to the 2p3/2 subshell. DR resonances associated with the fine-structure core transition occurs at low collision energies, leading to an important contribution to the plasma rate coefficients for a photoionized gas. In addition, the respective autoionizing states will stabilize by radiative decay of the captured electron since the radiative decay of the inner electron is electric-dipole forbidden.

Storage rings equipped with an electron cooler are effectively the only available tools for measuring accurate DR rate coefficients of HCIs at low electron-ion collision energies. A large number of DR experiments have been carried out at storage rings, for example the Test Storage Ring (TSR) at Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik (MPIK) in Heidelberg (Schippers 2015), the Experimental Storage Ring (ESR) at GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt (Brandau et al. 2015) and CRYRING at Manne Siegbahn Laboratory (MSL) in Stockholm (Schuch & Böhm 2007). More details about DR experiments at the storage rings can be found in recent reviews (Schuch & Böhm 2007; Müller 2008; Schippers 2015) and the references therein. The only storage-ring DR experiments with F-like ions available in literature are the ones with Se25+ (Lampert et al. 1996) and Fe17+ (Savin et al. 1997, 1999). Previously available DR data for Ni ions from storage ring measurement are data for Li-like Ni25+ (Schippers et al. 2000) and Na-like Ni17+ (Fogle et al. 2003a,b).

Benchmark DR data for L-shell ions are widely required in astrophysical applications, however, only a few experiments have been performed. Here we report on a storage ring measurement of the electron-ion recombination rate coefficients of F-like Ni19+ comprising all DR resonances associated with all the ΔN = 0 core excitations. The paper is structured as follows: In Sect. 2, the experimental procedures and data analysis are described; in Sect. 3, a brief introduction to the present theoretical calculation is given; merged-beam DR rate coefficients as well as the plasma rate coefficients are presented and discussed in Sect. 4; finally we summarize the results in Sect. 5 as a conclusion.

2. Experiment and data analysis

The experiment was performed at the Main Cooler Storage Ring (CSRm) at the Institute of Modern Physics in Lanzhou, China. A detailed description of the DR experimental setup and procedures at the CSRm were already given in our previous publications (Huang et al. 2015, 2018; Wang et al. 2018). Here we briefly describe the DR experiment with F-like 58Ni19+ at the CSRm.

The 58Ni19+ ions were produced from a superconducting electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source, accelerated by a sector focused cyclotron (SFC) and then injected into the CSRm at an energy of 6.15 MeV/u. Every injection pulse of ions was sufficient to maintain a maximum ion-beam current of about 80 μA, corresponding to 3.7 × 108 stored ions in the ring. The circulating ion beam was first electron-cooled for about 2 s by immersing it in a magnetically expanded cold electron beam after every injection (Danared 1993). The magnetic fields applied at the cathode and the cooler section were 125 mT and 39 mT, respectively. The electron beam was used as the electron target in the recombination experiment as well. In the cooler section, the primary ion beam was merged with the electron beam over an effective interaction length L of 4.0 m. The expanded diameter of the electron beam was about 62 mm and the electron density in the cooler section was about 7.1 × 106 cm−3. The recombined ions formed in the cooler section were separated from the primary ion beam in the first dipole magnet downstream from the electron cooler and detected by a movable scintillation particle detector (YAP: Ce+PMT) with nearly 100% detection efficiency (Wen et al. 2013).

The electron energy was set at 3.507 keV during electron cooling, corresponding to zero electron-ion collision energy in the center of mass frame. Offset voltages were applied to the cathode voltage by a suitably designed detuning system to obtain nonzero collision energies. In addition, a direct current current transformer (DCCT) was used to monitor the real-time ion beam current and the storage beam lifetime was estimated accordingly. Two ion beam position monitors (BPMs) and one electron BPM were utilized to monitor the spatial overlap of the electron beam and the ion beam in the cooling section. Schottky-noise signals were recorded and analyzed by a Tektronix RSA3408 spectrum analyzer to monitor the revolution frequency and the momentum spread of the ions. The latter was about Δp/p ∼ 2 × 10−4 during the experiment.

The electron-ion collision energy in the center of mass frame was calculated using

(1)

where me and mi are respectively the electron and ion rest mass. c is the speed of light, and γe and γi respectively denote the Lorentz factors of electron and ion beams. The angle θ between electron and ion beam is safely considered as zero in the present experiment. Space charge effects were taken into account. Drag force effects were found to be negligible. The calculated collision energies were then recalibrated by multiplying them by a factor of 0.98 to match the known series limit.

The absolute electron-ion recombination rate coefficient as a function of the collision energy can be deduced from the energy dependent detector count rate R(E) as:

(2)

Here, Ni is the number of the stored ions in the ring, ne is the electron density, C = 161.0 m and L = 4.0 m denote the circumference of the ring and the length of the effective interaction section, respectively; and ve = βec and vi = βic are the velocities of electron and ion beams in the laboratory frame.

The measurement covers the energy range 0–160 eV corresponding to detuning voltages of 0–1300 V. The uncertainty of the measured rate coefficient is estimated to be about 30% at a 1σ confidence level, including a 10% uncertainty for counting statistics, the electron and ion beam current, and the electron–ion interaction length; an uncertainty of 15% due to the background subtraction; and an uncertainty of 25% for the electron density in the cooler section. It should be noted that the experiment was carried out with six different detuning timing scales to ensure that the increasing detuning voltages can be applied to the cathode effectively. The rate coefficients measured with the last two timescales, corresponding to the collision energy range of 110–160 eV, show a little more fluctuations due to the long detuning time during the measurement.

3. Theory

For a better understanding of the present measured DR spectrum of F-like nickel, DR resonance strengths were calculated using the isolated resonance approximation (IRA) with the distorted-wave method based on the Dirac equation. Atomic energy levels, auto-ionization and radiative decay rates were calculated with a relativistic atomic-structure program, the FAC (Gu 2003, 2008). Since the calculated energy levels may have an uncertainty of a few eV, the resonance energies were empirically adjusted with the core excitation energies from the NIST atomic database (Kramida et al. 2018). These adjustments were necessary for DR processes via ΔN = 0 core excitations to obtain more reliable low-lying DR resonances from the calculation.

The DR process was treated as two independent steps in the calculation. The first step is dielectronic capture (DC) which is the time inverse of auto-ionization (AI). The doubly-excited autoionizing intermediate state can either auto-ionize or decay radiatively thereby completing the DR process. As a result, the DR cross section via a particular doubly-excited state is the product of the DC cross section and the branching ratio for radiative stabilization. The DC cross sections are related to the AI rates through the principle of detailed balance. Since DC is a resonant process it only occurs when an energy matching condition is fulfilled. The resonances are usually much narrower than the experimental electron energy spread, except at low collision energies (see below). Therefore, in most cases, it is sufficient to characterize the DR resonances by their strengths, which are the integrated cross sections over energy. The DC strength can be written as:

(3)

where gi and gf are the statistical weights of the initial state and final autoionizing state after DC, respectively; Eif is the resonance energy; and Aa is the AI strength. The radiative branching ratio can be approximately expressed as

(4)

where denotes the radiative decay rate from state i to f; k and k′ represent the states below the ionization threshold and the states that may further autoionize, respectively; and denotes the auto-ionization rate from state i to state j. Cascade processes to autoionizing states are taken into account using an iterative procedure to calculate the radiative stabilizing branching ratio (Savin 2007).

4. Results and discussion

In order to explain our results clearly, we present the merged-beam and plasma recombination rate coefficients separately. The merged-beam recombination spectra present the resonance features as a function of electron-ion collision energies. The plasma recombination rate coefficients present the plasma temperature dependent averaged DR rate coefficients. We will discuss the results in detail in the following two sections.

4.1. Merged-beam recombination rate coefficients

The black filled circles in Fig. 1 represent the merged-beam rate coefficients of F-like Ni recombined into Ne-like Ni. The measurement covers the energy range of 0–160 eV, including all the DR resonances associated with the and core excitations. The vertical bars in Fig. 1 are the resonance positions estimated by the following Rydberg formula:

(5)

thumbnail Fig. 1.

Measured and calculated recombination rate coefficients of F-like Ni. The experimental result (connected filled circles) covers the energy range of 0–160 eV. The red solid line denotes the theoretically calculated recombination spectrum and the blue dashed line shows the RR background. The vertical bars are the resonance positions of and series estimated by the Rydberg formula. The blue solid line accounts for the theoretical DR rate coefficients of the captured electron with principal quantum number up to nmax = 1000.

where the Rydberg constant R ≈ 13.60569 eV, the primary ion charge state q = 19, Eexc is the core transition energy, and n denotes the principal quantum number of the captured electron. The formula works well for the free electron recombined into high Rydberg levels but is inadequate for low n levels where fine structure effects dominate the DR resonance structure. Recombined Rydberg electrons with the principal quantum numbers n >  ncutoff will be field-ionized in the dipole bending magnets of the storage ring before being detected. As a result, the field-ionized ions will not reach the detector. Here, ncutoff = 96 as calculated by (Fogle et al. 2005):

(6)

The red solid line in Fig. 1 is the theoretically calculated recombination spectrum. The recombination cross sections were transformed into rate coefficients according to the formula:

(7)

where f(v, T∥, T⊥) is the anisotropic electron velocity distribution. The characteristic parallel and perpendicular electron temperatures were obtained by fitting the low-energy spectrum of 0–1.2 eV as shown in Fig. 2. In the fitting, we use a Lorentzian function multiplied by a factor of Eres/E as the line shape for the first resonance (Schippers et al. 2004). The cross sections for other resonances are treated as delta functions since their natural line widths are much narrower than the present experimental energy spread. The fitted width for the first resonance at about 80 meV is 51(5) meV, comparable to the FAC calculated 60 meV. The fitted parallel and perpendicular electron temperatures are kBT∥ = 0.56(0.05) meV and kBT⊥ = 23(1) meV, respectively. The calculated DR cross sections account for the principal quantum number of the captured electron up to n = ncutoff(96). The calculated DR cross sections for the and the series were then extrapolated to nmax = 1000 to remedy the field ionization effect for the derivation of the plasma rate coefficient below. The RR background was obtained with a modified version of the semi-classical Bethe & Salpeter (1957) formula for the hydrogenic RR cross section (Böhm et al. 2001). A factor of 1.57 was applied to modify the RR rate coefficients for F-like Ni according to the fit. At energies below 4 meV, the measured rate coefficients demonstrate an enhancement (Δα) of a factor of about 2.1 over the fitted rate coefficients. The detailed discussion of the rate coefficient enhancement is beyond the scope of this paper.

thumbnail Fig. 2.

Fitted curve (red solid line) of the measured DR spectrum below 1.2 eV. The blue solid line indicates the fitted RR background and the blue dashed lines depict the line shape of each single peak. The fitted parallel and perpendicular electron temperatures are kBT∥ = 0.56(0.05) meV and kBT⊥ = 23(1) meV, respectively. Δα denotes the recombination rate enhancement at very low energies (below 100 meV) which is the artifact of the merged-beam method (Gwinner et al. 2000).

Figures 3 and 4 present the detailed comparison between the measured DR rate coefficients and the FAC calculations below 20 eV. The comparison shows that the low-energy resonance positions and strengths are still not well produced by the present calculation. We fitted the experimentally resolved peaks to extract the resonance energies and strengths. The fitted values are listed in Table A.1 for comparison with the FAC calculated values. The various fine-structure levels range from the first peak at about 80 meV to the features at around 12 eV. An accurate prediction of the resonance positions is difficult due to the strong interaction between the captured electron with the core. In particular, the calculated resonance position is about 50% larger than the experimentally extracted value. The resonances are also not accurately produced by the calculation. The experimentally extracted strengths for the resonances are more than a factor of 1.8 over the predicted ones. Instead of a pileup at the series limit at about 17 eV, a stair-like structure is observed because the optical forbidden core transitions suppresses the recombination with the electron into a high Rydberg level. At higher energies, the rate coefficients are dominated by the recombination via intermediate states. We estimate that there will be an additional uncertainty for the extracted energies and strengths from the very weak resonances (marked as pre-super d in Table A.1). The measured rate coefficients agree with the theoretical calculation on a reasonable level. The measured spectrum beyond 110 eV cannot be fitted reasonably because of the fluctuations there.

thumbnail Fig. 3.

Detailed comparison between the measured spectrum (black dot-connected line) and the theoretical spectrum calculated by FAC (red solid line). The vertical bars denote the calculated resonance positions of the corresponding intermediate states.

thumbnail Fig. 4.

Same as Fig. 3, but for the energy range of 6–20 eV.

4.2. Plasma recombination rate coefficients

Cosmic plasmas are usually divided into two broad classes (Savin 2007): collisionally ionized plasmas (e.g. stars, galaxies and supernova remnants) and photoionized plasmas (e.g. planetary nebulae, X-ray binaries and active galactic nuclei). For convenient use of our experimental data in astrophysics and plasma modeling, temperature dependent plasma recombination rate coefficients were derived from the measured merged-beam DR data. The DR rate coefficients were convolved with the Maxwell–Boltzmann electron energy distribution (Savin et al. 1999; Orban et al. 2009):

(8)

where Te is the plasma temperature, α(E) is the energy dependent DR rate coefficients, f(E, Te) is the electron energy distribution (Böhm et al. 2001):

(9)

The experimental recombination rate coefficients at very low collision energies suffer from an enhancement, which is not expected in a plasma. We use the extracted resonance energies and strengths below 1 eV to obtain the corresponding plasma rate coefficients (Schippers et al. 2004). The measured DR rate coefficients beyond 110 eV are replaced by the theoretical data to cancel the field ionization effect and the influence of the fluctuations. Since the field ionization effect is not expected in a cosmic plasma, the present calculation accounted for principal quantum numbers of up to nmax = 1000.

Figure 5 presents the experimentally derived plasma rate coefficients and the present FAC calculated data as well as the previous calculations available in the literature. The temperature covers the ranges where Ni19+ ions form in photoionized and collisionally ionized plasmas. The violet dashed line is the data for ΔN = 0 DR by (Gu 2003) calculated with FAC code. The blue solid line is the data calculated with the AUTOSTRUCTURE code which includes the ΔN = 0 and ΔN = 1 DR rate coefficients (Zatsarinny et al. 2006), the green pentagons are the data calculated by the AUTOSTRUCTURE code with only ΔN = 0 DR from the Open-ADAS1. The orange stars are the previous recommended data which included the ΔN = 0 and ΔN = 1 DR rate but the DR via the core excitation was not taken into account (Jacobs et al. 1980). The Z-scaled plasma rate coefficients of Mazzotta et al. (1998) and the extrapolated plasma rate coefficients of Shull & Van Steenberg (1982) are not included; the reasons for not using them are given by (Gu 2003).

thumbnail Fig. 5.

Experimentally derived plasma recombination rate coefficients (black solid line) compared with the present and previous calculated data. The red solid line is the plasma rate coefficients derived from the presently calculated DR rate coefficients, the violet dashed line is the calculated data by Gu (2003), the blue solid line denotes the calculation by Zatsarinny et al. (2006) with the AUTOSTRUCTURE code, the orange stars are the previous recommended DR data (Jacobs et al. 1980), and the green pentagons are the data from the Open-ADAS website.

At temperatures below 104 K, the calculated rate coefficients are found to be 20%–30% lower than the measured data. At temperatures around 3 × 104 K, which are typical of the photoionized plasmas, the calculated rate coefficients are found to be 40% lower than the experimentally derived values. The mismatch of the resonances and the underestimate of the low-lying DR resonance strengths should be responsible for these discrepancies. At temperatures beyond 3 × 106 K, where collisionally ionized plasmas form, and higher, the rate coefficients of the ΔN = 0 DR resonances are dominated by the recombination via intermediate states. Agreement within 20% is achieved between the experimentally derived and the theoretically calculated data.

The experimentally derived plasma recombination rate coefficients and the FAC calculated values were parameterized so that the plasma modelers and astrophysicists can use our data more easily. As a fit function, we used the following the expression:

(10)

The resulting parameters ci and Ei are listed in Table 1. The fit reproduces the plasma recombination rate coefficient in the temperature range of 103–108 K within an uncertainty of below 0.5%.

Table 1.

Fitted parameters for the resonant recombination channels derived from the experimental and calculated rate coefficients.

5. Conclusion

We measured the ΔN = 0 DR rate coefficients for the F-like nickel ions at the heavy-ion storage ring CSRm at the Institute of Modern Physics in Lanzhou, China. Fully relativistic theoretical calculations for the related processes by the FAC code have also been presented and compared with the measured spectrum in detail. Reasonable agreement is achieved between the measured recombination rate coefficients and theoretically calculated results. However, the prediction of the low-lying DR resonance positions, in particular the recombination via the intermediate states, still needs to be improved for the present theoretical model. The calculation significantly underestimates the resonance strengths at low collision energies. Temperature dependent plasma recombination rate coefficients have been derived from the measured DR rate coefficients and compared with the present FAC calculation as well as the available data from literature. The difference between the measurement and calculation is found to be less than 20% for temperatures where Ni19+ forms in a collisionally ionized plasma. The calculation significantly differs from the experimental results around temperatures where Ni19+ ions form in photoionized plasmas. This is due to the difficulty in calculating the low-energy DR resonances with sufficient accuracy, which are subject to strong correlation and numerical cancelation effects. Our experimentally measured rate coefficient can serve as a benchmark for use in astrophysical and laboratory plasma modeling.

Acknowledgments

This work is partly supported by the National Key R&D Program of China under grant No. 2017YFA0402300; the National Natural Science Foundation of China through grant No. U1732133; the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, grants No. XDPB09-02; and No. XDB21030300 and the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, CAS, grant No. QYZDY-SSW-SLH006. W. Wen acknowledges the support from the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. S. Schippers gratefully acknowledges support from the CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative (PIFI). The authors would like to thank the CSR accelerator staff for their technical support during the experiment. The discussion with A. Wolf and M. Lestinsky is greatly acknowledged.

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Appendix A: Additional table

Table A.1.

Comparison of the FAC calculated and CSRm measured resonance energies Ed and strengths Sd.

All Tables

Table 1.

Fitted parameters for the resonant recombination channels derived from the experimental and calculated rate coefficients.

In the text
Table A.1.

Comparison of the FAC calculated and CSRm measured resonance energies Ed and strengths Sd.

In the text

All Figures

thumbnail Fig. 1.

Measured and calculated recombination rate coefficients of F-like Ni. The experimental result (connected filled circles) covers the energy range of 0–160 eV. The red solid line denotes the theoretically calculated recombination spectrum and the blue dashed line shows the RR background. The vertical bars are the resonance positions of and series estimated by the Rydberg formula. The blue solid line accounts for the theoretical DR rate coefficients of the captured electron with principal quantum number up to nmax = 1000.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 2.

Fitted curve (red solid line) of the measured DR spectrum below 1.2 eV. The blue solid line indicates the fitted RR background and the blue dashed lines depict the line shape of each single peak. The fitted parallel and perpendicular electron temperatures are kBT∥ = 0.56(0.05) meV and kBT⊥ = 23(1) meV, respectively. Δα denotes the recombination rate enhancement at very low energies (below 100 meV) which is the artifact of the merged-beam method (Gwinner et al. 2000).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 3.

Detailed comparison between the measured spectrum (black dot-connected line) and the theoretical spectrum calculated by FAC (red solid line). The vertical bars denote the calculated resonance positions of the corresponding intermediate states.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 4.

Same as Fig. 3, but for the energy range of 6–20 eV.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 5.

Experimentally derived plasma recombination rate coefficients (black solid line) compared with the present and previous calculated data. The red solid line is the plasma rate coefficients derived from the presently calculated DR rate coefficients, the violet dashed line is the calculated data by Gu (2003), the blue solid line denotes the calculation by Zatsarinny et al. (2006) with the AUTOSTRUCTURE code, the orange stars are the previous recommended DR data (Jacobs et al. 1980), and the green pentagons are the data from the Open-ADAS website.
In the text

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