Analytical and mean Monte Carlo noise biases. Gray band is the 1-σ region for the average, computed by dividing the sample variance by . Top row: Madam runs at f_knee = 50 mHz using a short 1.25s baseline. Middle row: Madam runs at f_knee = 50 mHz using a relatively long 60s baseline. Bottom row: springtide runs at f_knee = 10 mHz.