Issue |
A&A
Volume 571, November 2014
Planck 2013 results
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | A2 | |
Number of page(s) | 25 | |
Section | Cosmology (including clusters of galaxies) | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201321550 | |
Published online | 29 October 2014 |
Planck 2013 results. II. Low Frequency Instrument data processing
1 APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie,
Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris,
Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie
Duquet, 75205
Paris Cedex 13,
France
2 Aalto University Metsähovi Radio
Observatory, Metsähovintie
114, 02540
Kylmälä,
Finland
3 African Institute for Mathematical
Sciences, 6−8 Melrose Road, 7945
Muizenberg, Cape
Town, South Africa
4 Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Science
Data Centre, via del Politecnico snc, 00133
Roma,
Italy
5 Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Viale
Liegi 26, Roma,
Italy
6 Astrophysics Group, Cavendish
Laboratory, University ofCambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge
CB3 0HE,
UK
7 CITA, University of
Toronto, 60 St. George St.,
Toronto, ON
M5S 3H8,
Canada
8 CNR − ISTI, Area della Ricerca, via
G. Moruzzi 1, Pisa,
Italy
9 CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028
Toulouse Cedex 4,
France
10 California Institute of
Technology, Pasadena,
California,
USA
11 Centre for Theoretical Cosmology,
DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge
CB3 0WA,
UK
12 Centro de Estudios de Física del
Cosmos de Aragón (CEFCA), Plaza San Juan, 1, planta 2, 44001
Teruel,
Spain
13 Computational Cosmology Centre,
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
14 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas (CSIC), 28006
Madrid,
Spain
15 DSM/Irfu/SPP,
CEA-Saclay, 91191
Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex,
France
16 DTU Space, National Space
Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800
Kgs. Lyngby,
Denmark
17 Département de Physique Théorique,
Université de Genève, 24 quai E.
Ansermet, 1211
Genève 4,
Switzerland
18 Departamento de Física Fundamental,
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008
Salamanca,
Spain
19 Departamento de Física, Universidad
de Oviedo, Avda. Calvo Sotelo
s/n, 33007
Oviedo,
Spain
20 Departamento de Matemáticas,
Estadística y Computación, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros s/n, 39005
Santander,
Spain
21 Department of Astronomy and
Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada
22 Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP,
Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box
9010, 6500 GL
Nijmegen, The
Netherlands
23 Department of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California,
Berkeley, California,
USA
24 Department of Physics &
Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver,
British Columbia,
Canada
25 Department of Physics and
Astronomy, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letter, Arts and Sciences, University of
Southern California, Los
Angeles, CA
90089,
USA
26 Department of Physics and
Astronomy, University College London, London
WC1E 6BT,
UK
27 Department of Physics, Florida
State University, Keen Physics
Building, 77 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
28 Department of Physics, Gustaf
Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, 00014
Helsinki,
Finland
29 Department of Physics, Princeton
University, Princeton, New
Jersey, USA
30 Department of Physics, University
of California, One Shields
Avenue, Davis,
California,
USA
31 Department of Physics, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California, USA
32 Department of Physics, University
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois,
USA
33 Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia
G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131
Padova,
Italy
34 Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze
della Terra, Università di Ferrara, via Saragat 1, 44122
Ferrara,
Italy
35 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università
La Sapienza, P. le A. Moro
2, 00185
Roma,
Italy
36 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università
degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria,
16, 20133
Milano,
Italy
37 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università
degli Studi di Trieste, via A.
Valerio 2, 34127
Trieste,
Italy
38 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università
di Roma Tor Vergata, via della
Ricerca Scientifica, 00133
1, Roma,
Italy
39 Discovery Centre, Niels Bohr
Institute, Blegdamsvej
17, 2100
Copenhagen,
Denmark
40 Dpto. Astrofísica, Universidad de
La Laguna (ULL), 38206 La
Laguna, Tenerife,
Spain
41 European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck
Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo,
Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692
Madrid,
Spain
42 European Space Agency, ESTEC,
Keplerlaan 1, 2201
AZ
Noordwijk, The
Netherlands
43 Haverford College Astronomy
Department, 370 Lancaster
Avenue, Haverford,
Pennsylvania,
USA
44 Helsinki Institute of Physics,
Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014
Helsinki,
Finland
45 INAF − Osservatorio Astrofisico di
Catania, via S. Sofia 78, 95123
Catania,
Italy
46 INAF − Osservatorio Astronomico di
Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122
Padova,
Italy
47 INAF − Osservatorio Astronomico di
Roma, via di Frascati 33, 00040
Monte Porzio Catone,
Italy
48 INAF − Osservatorio Astronomico di
Trieste, via G.B. Tiepolo 11, 34143
Trieste,
Italy
49 INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia,
via P.Gobetti 101, 40129
Bologna,
Italy
50 INAF/IASF Bologna, via Gobetti
101, 40129
Bologna,
Italy
51 INAF/IASF Milano, via E. Bassini
15, 20133
Milano,
Italy
52 INFN, Sezione di Bologna, via
Irnerio 46, 40126, Bologna,
Italy
53 INFN, Sezione di Roma 1, Università
di Roma Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo
Moro 2, 00185
Roma,
Italy
54 IPAG: Institut de Planétologie et
d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 1/CNRS-INSU, UMR
5274, 38041
Grenoble,
France
55 ISDC Data Centre for Astrophysics,
University of Geneva, Ch. d’Ecogia
16, 1290
Versoix,
Switzerland
56 IUCAA, Post Bag 4, Ganeshkhind,
Pune University Campus, 411
007
Pune,
India
57 Imperial College London,
Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7
2AZ, UK
58 Infrared Processing and Analysis
Centre, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
91125,
USA
59 Institut Néel, CNRS, Université
Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, 25 rue
des Martyrs, 38042
Grenoble,
France
60 Institut Universitaire de
France, 103, bd
Saint-Michel, 75005
Paris,
France
61 Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale,
CNRS (UMR 8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, 91405
Orsay,
France
62 Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris,
CNRS (UMR 7095), 98bis boulevard
Arago, 75014
Paris,
France
63 Institute for Space
Sciences, 077125
Bucharest-Magurale,
Romania
64 Institute of Astronomy and
Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 10617
Taipei,
Taiwan
65 Institute of Astronomy, University
of Cambridge, Madingley
Road, Cambridge
CB3 0HA,
UK
66 Institute of Theoretical
Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0315
Oslo,
Norway
67 Instituto de Astrofísica de
Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, 38205
La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
68 Instituto de Física de Cantabria
(CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, 39005
Santander,
Spain
69 Istituto di Fisica del Plasma,
CNR-ENEA-EURATOM Association, via R. Cozzi 53, 20125
Milano,
Italy
70 Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
71 Jodrell Bank Centre for
Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of
Manchester, Oxford
Road, Manchester,
M13 9PL,
UK
72 Kavli Institute for Cosmology
Cambridge, Madingley
Road, Cambridge,
CB3 0HA,
UK
73 LAL, Université Paris-Sud,
CNRS/IN2P3, 91898
Orsay,
France
74 LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris,
61 avenue de l’Observatoire, 75014
Paris,
France
75 Laboratoire AIM, IRFU/Service
d’Astrophysique − CEA/DSM − CNRS − Université Paris Diderot, Bât. 709,
CEA-Saclay, 91191
Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex,
France
76 Laboratoire Traitement et
Communication de l’Information, CNRS (UMR 5141) and Télécom ParisTech,
46 rue Barrault
75634
Paris Cedex 13,
France
77 Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique
et de Cosmologie, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, CNRS/IN2P3, Institut National
Polytechnique de Grenoble, 53 rue
des Martyrs, 38026
Grenoble Cedex,
France
78 Laboratoire de Physique Théorique,
Université Paris-Sud 11 & CNRS, Bâtiment 210, 91405
Orsay,
France
79 Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley,
California,
USA
80 Max-Planck-Institut für
Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741
Garching,
Germany
81 McGill Physics, Ernest Rutherford
Physics Building, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2T8,
Canada
82 MilliLab, VTT Technical Research
Centre of Finland, Tietotie 3, 02044
Espoo,
Finland
83 Niels Bohr Institute,
Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen,
Denmark
84 Observational Cosmology, Mail Stop
367-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
91125,
USA
85 SB-ITP-LPPC, EPFL,
1015, Lausanne,
Switzerland
86 SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via
Bonomea 265, 34136
Trieste,
Italy
87 School of Physics and Astronomy,
Cardiff University, Queens
Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24
3AA, UK
88 School of Physics and Astronomy,
University of Nottingham, Nottingham
NG7 2RD,
UK
89 Space Sciences Laboratory,
University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
90 Special Astrophysical Observatory,
Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhnij Arkhyz, Zelenchukskiy region, 369167
Karachai-Cherkessian Republic,
Russia
91 Stanford University,
Dept of Physics, Varian Physics Bldg, 382 via
Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California, USA
92 Sub-Department of Astrophysics,
University of Oxford, KebleRoad, Oxford
OX1 3RH,
UK
93 Theory Division, PH-TH,
CERN, 1211
Geneva 23,
Switzerland
94 UPMC Univ Paris 06,
UMR7095, 98bis boulevard
Arago, 75014
Paris,
France
95 Université de
Toulouse, UPS-OMP,
IRAP, 31028
Toulouse Cedex 4,
France
96 Universities Space Research
Association, Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy,
MS 232-11, Moffett Field, CA
94035,
USA
97 University of Granada, Departamento
de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Facultad de Ciencias, 18071
Granada,
Spain
98 Warsaw University
Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie
4, 00-478
Warszawa,
Poland
Received:
22
March
2013
Accepted:
6
January
2014
We describe the data processing pipeline of the Planck Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) data processing centre (DPC) to create and characterize full-sky maps based on the first 15.5 months of operations at 30, 44, and 70 GHz. In particular, we discuss the various steps involved in reducing the data, from telemetry packets through to the production of cleaned, calibrated timelines and calibrated frequency maps. Data are continuously calibrated using the modulation induced on the mean temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation by the proper motion of the spacecraft. Sky signals other than the dipole are removed by an iterative procedure based on simultaneous fitting of calibration parameters and sky maps. Noise properties are estimated from time-ordered data after the sky signal has been removed, using a generalized least squares map-making algorithm. A destriping code (Madam) is employed to combine radiometric data and pointing information into sky maps, minimizing the variance of correlated noise. Noise covariance matrices, required to compute statistical uncertainties on LFI and Planck products, are also produced. Main beams are estimated down to the ≈−20 dB level using Jupiter transits, which are also used for the geometrical calibration of the focal plane.
Key words: cosmic background radiation / methods: data analysis / cosmology: observations / surveys
© ESO, 2014
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