Planck 2015 results

V. LFI calibration

¹ APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
² Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory and Dept of Radio Science and Engineering, PO Box 13000, 00076 Aalto, Finland
³ African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 6-8 Melrose Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town, South Africa
⁴ Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Science Data Center, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
⁵ Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LAM (Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille) UMR 7326, 13388 Marseille, France
⁶ Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
⁷ CGEE, SCS Qd 9, Lote C, Torre C, 4° andar, Ed. Parque Cidade Corporate, CEP 70308-200, Brasília, DF, Brazil
⁸ CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
⁹ CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
¹⁰ CRANN, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
¹¹ California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
¹² Centre for Theoretical Cosmology, DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
¹³ Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
¹⁴ Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
¹⁵ DSM/Irfu/SPP, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
¹⁶ DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
¹⁷ Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, 24 Quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
¹⁸ Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
¹⁹ Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Calvo Sotelo s/n, Oviedo, Spain
²⁰ Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
²¹ Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
²² Department of Physics& Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
²³ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letter, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
²⁴ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
²⁵ Department of Physics, Florida State University, Keen Physics Building, 77 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
²⁶ Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
²⁷ Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
²⁸ Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
²⁹ Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois, USA
³⁰ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
³¹ Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
³² Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, P. le A. Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
³³ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
³⁴ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, via A. Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
³⁵ Dipartimento di Matematica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, 00185 Roma, Italy
³⁶ Discovery Center, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
³⁷ Discovery Center, Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen University, Blegdamsvej 17, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
³⁸ European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 68692 Madrid, Spain
³⁹ European Space Agency, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
⁴⁰ Gran Sasso Science Institute, INFN, viale F. Crispi 7, 67100 L’ Aquila, Italy
⁴¹ HGSFP and University of Heidelberg, Theoretical Physics Department, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
⁴² Haverford College Astronomy Department, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, Pennsylvania, USA
⁴³ Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 02540 Helsinki, Finland
⁴⁴ INAF–Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
⁴⁵ INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
⁴⁶ INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via di Frascati 33, Monte Porzio Catone, 00185 Roma, Italy
⁴⁷ INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via G.B. Tiepolo 11, 43127 Trieste, Italy
⁴⁸ INAF/IASF Bologna, via Gobetti 101, 40127 Bologna, Italy
⁴⁹ INAF/IASF Milano, via E. Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁵⁰ INFN, Sezione di Bologna, via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
⁵¹ INFN, Sezione di Roma 1, Università di Roma Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
⁵² INFN, Sezione di Roma 2, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, 00185 Roma, Italy
⁵³ INFN/National Institute for Nuclear Physics, via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
⁵⁴ ISDC, Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
⁵⁵ IUCAA, Post Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune University Campus, 411 007 Pune, India
⁵⁶ Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
⁵⁷ Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
⁵⁸ Institut Néel, CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, 25 rue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
⁵⁹ Institut Universitaire de France, 103 bd Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, France
⁶⁰ Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
⁶¹ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁶² Institut für Theoretische Teilchenphysik und Kosmologie, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
⁶³ Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
⁶⁴ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0371 Oslo, Norway
⁶⁵ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁶⁶ Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
⁶⁷ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
⁶⁸ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
⁶⁹ Jodrell Bank Centre forAstrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
⁷⁰ Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
⁷¹ Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK
⁷² Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya St., 420008 Kazan, Russia
⁷³ LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
⁷⁴ LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l’Observatoire, 75000 Paris, France
⁷⁵ Laboratoire AIM, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique – CEA/DSM – CNRS – Université Paris Diderot, Bât. 709, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
⁷⁶ Laboratoire Traitement et Communication de l’Information, CNRS (UMR 5141) and Télécom ParisTech, 46 rue Barrault, 75634 Paris Cedex 13, France
⁷⁷ Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, 53, rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
⁷⁸ Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Université Paris-Sud 11 & CNRS, Bâtiment 210, 91405 Orsay, France
⁷⁹ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
⁸⁰ Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Astro Space Centre, 84/32 Profsoyuznaya st., 117997 Moscow, GSP-7, Russia
⁸¹ Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
⁸² McGill Physics, Ernest Rutherford Physics Building, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2T8, Canada
⁸³ National University of Ireland, Department of Experimental Physics, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
⁸⁴ Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland
⁸⁵ Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
⁸⁶ Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen University, Blegdamsvej 17, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
⁸⁷ SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
⁸⁸ SMARTEST Research Centre, Università degli Studi e-Campus, via Isimbardi 10, Novedrate (CO), 22060, Italy
⁸⁹ School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK
⁹⁰ School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
⁹¹ Sorbonne Université-UPMC, UMR7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁹² Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
⁹³ Special Astrophysical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhnij Arkhyz, Zelenchukskiy region, 369167 Karachai-Cherkessian Republic, Russia
⁹⁴ Sub-Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
⁹⁵ Theory Division, PH-TH, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
⁹⁶ UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7095, 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁹⁷ Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
⁹⁸ University of Granada, Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Facultad de Ciencias, 18071 Granada, Spain
⁹⁹ University of Granada, Instituto Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional, 18071 Granada, Spain
¹⁰⁰ Warsaw University Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland

^⋆ Corresponding author: Maurizio Tomasi, e-mail: maurizio.tomasi@unimi.it

Received: 29 May 2015
Accepted: 21 November 2015

Abstract

We present a description of the pipeline used to calibrate the Planck Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) timelines into thermodynamic temperatures for the Planck 2015 data release, covering four years of uninterrupted operations. As in the 2013 data release, our calibrator is provided by the spin-synchronous modulation of the cosmic microwave background dipole, but we now use the orbital component, rather than adopting the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) solar dipole. This allows our 2015 LFI analysis to provide an independent Solar dipole estimate, which is in excellent agreement with that of HFI and within 1σ (0.3% in amplitude) of the WMAP value. This 0.3% shift in the peak-to-peak dipole temperature from WMAP and a general overhaul of the iterative calibration code increases the overall level of the LFI maps by 0.45% (30 GHz), 0.64% (44 GHz), and 0.82% (70 GHz) in temperature with respect to the 2013 Planck data release, thus reducing the discrepancy with the power spectrum measured by WMAP. We estimate that the LFI calibration uncertainty is now at the level of 0.20% for the 70 GHz map, 0.26% for the 44 GHz map, and 0.35% for the 30 GHz map. We provide a detailed description of the impact of all the changes implemented in the calibration since the previous data release.