| Issue |
A&A
Volume 594, October 2016
Planck 2015 results
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Article Number | A6 | |
| Number of page(s) | 23 | |
| Section | Astronomical instrumentation | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201525813 | |
| Published online | 20 September 2016 | |
Planck 2015 results
VI. LFI mapmaking
1 APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
2 Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory and Dept of Radio Science and Engineering, PO Box 13000, 00076 Aalto, Finland
3 African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 6−8 Melrose Road, Muizenberg, 7945 Cape Town, South Africa
4 Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Science Data Center, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
5 Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
6 CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
7 CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
8 CRANN, Trinity College, 2 Dublin, Ireland
9 California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 21125 California, USA
10 Centre for Theoretical Cosmology, DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
11 Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, 96153 California, USA
12 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
13 DSM/Irfu/SPP, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
14 DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
15 Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, 24, Quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
16 Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Calvo Sotelo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain
17 Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 Saint George Street, Toronto, ON M55 Ontario, Canada
18 Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
19 Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 British Columbia, Canada
20 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letter, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
21 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
22 Department of Physics, Florida State University, Keen Physics Building, 77 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
23 Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
24 Department ofPhysics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey NJ 08544, USA
25 Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California CA 93106, USA
26 Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois, USA
27 Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
28 Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
29 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
30 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 16 Milano, Italy
31 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, via A. Valerio 2, 34128 Trieste, Italy
32 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, Italy
33 Dipartimento di Matematica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, Italy
34 Discovery Center, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
35 Dpto. Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
36 European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28000 Madrid, Spain
37 European Space Agency, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
38 Facoltà di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi e-Campus, via Isimbardi 10, 22060 Novedrate (CO), Italy
39 Gran Sasso Science Institute, INFN, viale F. Crispi 7, 67100 L’ Aquila, Italy
40 HGSFP and University of Heidelberg, Theoretical Physics Department, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
41 Haverford College Astronomy Department, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, Pennsylvania, USA
42 Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
43 INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, 35141 Padova, Italy
44 INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via di Frascati 33, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
45 INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via G.B. Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy
46 INAF/IASF Bologna, via Gobetti 101, 40127 Bologna, Italy
47 INAF/IASF Milano, via E. Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
48 INFN, Sezione di Bologna, via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
49 INFN, Sezione di Roma 1, Università di Roma Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
50 INFN, Sezione di Roma 2, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 Roma, Italy
51 INFN/National Institute for Nuclear Physics, via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
52 IUCAA, Post Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune University Campus, 411 007 Pune, India
53 Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
54 Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
55 Institut Néel, CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, 25 rue des Martyrs, 38041 Grenoble, France
56 Institut Universitaire de France, 103 Bd Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, France
57 Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, 91400 Orsay, France
58 Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
59 Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
60 Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0037 Oslo, Norway
61 Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, La Laguna, 38205 Tenerife, Spain
62 Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
63 Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
64 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
65 Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
66 Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK
67 LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, 91400 Orsay, France
68 LAPTh, Univ. de Savoie, CNRS, BP 110, Annecy-le-Vieux 74941, France
69 LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l’Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
70 Laboratoire AIM, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique – CEA/DSM – CNRS – Université Paris Diderot, Bât. 709, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
71 Laboratoire Traitement et Communication de l’Information, CNRS (UMR 5141) and Télécom ParisTech, 46 rue Barrault, 75634 Paris Cedex 13, France
72 Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, 53 rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
73 Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Université Paris-Sud 11 & CNRS, Bâtiment 210, 91405 Orsay, France
74 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California CA 94720, USA
75 Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Astro Space Centre, 84/32 Profsoyuznaya st., Moscow, GSP-7, 117997, Russia
76 Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
77 McGill Physics, Ernest Rutherford Physics Building, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2T8, Canada
78 National University of Ireland, Department of Experimental Physics, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
79 Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
80 SB-ITP-LPPC, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
81 SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
82 School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK
83 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
84 Sorbonne Université-UPMC, UMR7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
85 Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California CA 94720, USA
86 Special Astrophysical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhnij Arkhyz, Zelenchukskiy region, 369167 Karachai-Cherkessian Republic, Russia
87 Sub-Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
88 Theory Division, PH-TH, CERN, 1211, Geneva 23, Switzerland
89 UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR7095, 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
90 Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
91 University of Granada, Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Facultad de Ciencias, 18010 Granada, Spain
92 University of Granada, Instituto Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional, 18010 Granada, Spain
93 Warsaw University Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland
⋆
Corresponding author: E. Keihänen, e-mail: elina.keihanen@helsinki.fi
Received: 5 February 2015
Accepted: 1 February 2016
This paper describes the mapmaking procedure applied to Planck Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) data. The mapmaking step takes as input the calibrated timelines and pointing information. The main products are sky maps of I, Q, and U Stokes components. For the first time, we present polarization maps at LFI frequencies. The mapmaking algorithm is based on a destriping technique, which is enhanced with a noise prior. The Galactic region is masked to reduce errors arising from bandpass mismatch and high signal gradients. We apply horn-uniform radiometer weights to reduce the effects of beam-shape mismatch. The algorithm is the same as used for the 2013 release, apart from small changes in parameter settings. We validate the procedure through simulations. Special emphasis is put on the control of systematics, which is particularly important for accurate polarization analysis. We also produce low-resolution versions of the maps and corresponding noise covariance matrices. These serve as input in later analysis steps and parameter estimation. The noise covariance matrices are validated through noise Monte Carlo simulations. The residual noise in the map products is characterized through analysis of half-ring maps, noise covariance matrices, and simulations.
Key words: cosmic background radiation / methods: data analysis
© ESO, 2016
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