Coronal energy release by MHD avalanches

II. EUV line emission from a multi-threaded coronal loop

¹ Dipartimento di Fisica & Chimica, Universitá di Palermo, Piazza del Parlamento 1, 90134 Palermo, Italy
² School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK
³ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo, Piazza del Parlamento 1, 90134 Palermo, Italy
⁴ Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden St., Cambridge, MA 02193, USA
⁵ Lockheed Martin Solar & Astrophysics Laboratory, 3251 Hanover St, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
⁶ Rosseland Centre for Solar Physics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1029 Blindern 0315 Oslo, Norway
⁷ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1029 Blindern 0315 Oslo, Norway
⁸ Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, NASA Research Park, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA

Received: 7 May 2024
Accepted: 5 June 2024

Abstract

Context. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities, such as the kink instability, can trigger the chaotic fragmentation of a twisted magnetic flux tube into small-scale current sheets that dissipate as aperiodic impulsive heating events. In turn, the instability could propagate as an avalanche to nearby flux tubes and lead to a nanoflare storm. Our previous work was devoted to related 3D MHD numerical modeling, which included a stratified atmosphere from the solar chromosphere to the corona, tapering magnetic field, and solar gravity for curved loops with the thermal structure modelled by plasma thermal conduction, along with optically thin radiation and anomalous resistivity for 50 Mm flux tubes.

Aims. Using 3D MHD modeling, this work addresses predictions for the extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) imaging spectroscopy of such structure and evolution of a loop, with an average temperature of 2–2.5 MK in the solar corona. We set a particular focus on the forthcoming MUSE mission, as derived from the 3D MHD modeling.

Methods. From the output of the numerical simulations, we synthesized the intensities, Doppler shifts, and non-thermal line broadening in 3 EUV spectral lines in the MUSE passbands: Fe IX 171 Å, Fe XV 284 Å, and Fe XIX 108 Å, emitted by ∼1 MK, ∼2 MK, and ∼10 MK plasma, respectively. These data were detectable by MUSE, according to the MUSE expected pixel size, temporal resolution, and temperature response functions. We provide maps showing different view angles (front and top) and realistic spectra. Finally, we discuss the relevant evolutionary processes from the perspective of possible observations.

Reults. We find that the MUSE observations might be able to detect the fine structure determined by tube fragmentation. In particular, the Fe IX line is mostly emitted at the loop footpoints, where we might be able to track the motions that drive the magnetic stressing and detect the upward motion of evaporating plasma from the chromosphere. In Fe XV, we might see the bulk of the loop with increasing intensity, with alternating filamentary Doppler and non-thermal components in the front view, along with more defined spots in the topward view. The Fe XIX line is very faint within the chosen simulation parameters; thus, any transient brightening around the loop apex may possibly be emphasized by the folding of sheet-like structures, mainly at the boundary of unstable tubes.

Conclusions. In conclusion, we show that coronal loop observations with MUSE can pinpoint some crucial features of MHD-modeled ignition processes, such as the related dynamics, helping to identify the heating processes.