The rotation-tunneling spectrum of 3-hydroxypropenal and confirmation of its detection toward IRAS 16293-2422 B^★

¹ Astrophysik/I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
e-mail: hspm@ph1.uni-koeln.de
² Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, UT3-PS, CNRS, CNES, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
³ Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5‒7, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
⁴ Univ. Lille, PhLAM – Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, CNRS, UMR 8523, 59000 Lille, France
⁵ Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR−UMR 6226, 35000 Rennes, France

Received: 19 March 2024
Accepted: 30 April 2024

Abstract

Context. 3-Hydroxypropenal (HOCHCHCHO) is the lower energy tautomer of malonaldehyde which displays a complex rotation-tunneling spectrum. It was detected somewhat tentatively toward the solar-type protostellar system IRAS 16293-2422 with ALMA in the framework of the Protostellar Interferometric Line Survey (PILS). Several transitions, however, had large residuals, preventing not only their detection, but also the excitation temperature of the species from being determined unambiguously.

Aims. We want to extend the existing rotational line list of 3-hydroxypropenal to shed more light on the recent observational results and to facilitate additional radio astronomical searches for this molecule.

Methods. We recorded and analyzed the rotation-tunneling spectrum of 3-hydroxypropenal in the frequency regions between 150 and 330 GHz and between 400 and 660 GHz. Transitions were searched for in the PILS observations of IRAS 16293-2422. Local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) models were carried out and compared to the observations to constrain the excitation temperature. Additional transitions were searched for in other ALMA archival data of the same source to confirm the presence of 3-hydroxypropenal.

Results. More than 7500 different spectral lines, corresponding to more than 11 500 transitions, were assigned in the course of our investigation with quantum numbers 2 ≤ J ≤ 100, K_a ≤ 59, and K_c ≤ 97, resulting in a greatly improved set of spectroscopic parameters. The comparison between the LTE models and the observations yields an excitation temperature of 125 K with a column density N = 1.0 × 10¹⁵ cm⁻² for this species. We identified seven additional lines of 3-hydroxypropenal that show a good agreement with the model in the ALMA archive data.

Conclusions. The calculated rotation-tunneling spectrum of 3-hydroxypropenal has sufficient accuracy for radio astronomical searches. With the solution of the excitation temperature conundrum and the detection of seven more lines, we consider the detection of 3-hydroxypropenal toward IRAS 16293-2422 as secure.