Predictions for the hydrogen-free ejecta of pulsational pair-instability supernovae

¹ Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy and GRAPPA, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
² Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY 10010, USA
e-mail: mrenzo@flatironinstitute.org
³ School of Astronomy & Space Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
⁴ National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
⁵ The Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science, 813 Santa Barbara St., Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
⁶ Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
⁷ Geneva Observatory, University of Geneva, 1290 Sauverny, Switzerland
⁸ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
⁹ Institute of Astrophysics, KU Leuven, Celestijnlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
¹⁰ Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA

Received: 11 February 2020
Accepted: 10 June 2020

Abstract

Present and upcoming time-domain astronomy efforts, in part driven by gravitational-wave follow-up campaigns, will unveil a variety of rare explosive transients in the sky. Here, we focus on pulsational pair-instability evolution, which can result in signatures that are observable with electromagnetic and gravitational waves. We simulated grids of bare helium stars to characterize the resulting black hole (BH) masses together with the ejecta composition, velocity, and thermal state. We find that the stars do not react “elastically” to the thermonuclear ignition in the core: there is not a one-to-one correspondence between pair-instability driven ignition and mass ejections, which causes ambiguity as to what is an observable pulse. In agreement with previous studies, we find that for initial helium core masses of 37.5 M_⊙ ≲ M_He, init ≲ 41 M_⊙, corresponding to carbon-oxygen core masses 27.5 M_⊙ ≲ M_CO ≲ 30.1 M_⊙, the explosions are not strong enough to affect the surface. With increasing initial helium core mass, they become progressively stronger causing first large radial expansion (41 M_⊙ ≲ M_He, init ≲ 42 M_⊙, corresponding to 30.1 M_⊙ ≲ M_CO ≲ 30.8 M_⊙) and, finally, also mass ejection episodes (for M_He, init ≳ 42 M_⊙, or M_CO ≳ 30.8 M_⊙). The lowest mass helium core to be fully disrupted in a pair-instability supernova is M_He, init ≃ 80 M_⊙, corresponding to M_CO ≃ 55 M_⊙. Models with M_He, init ≳ 200 M_⊙ (M_CO ≳ 114 M_⊙) reach the photodisintegration regime, resulting in BHs with masses of M_BH ≳ 125 M_⊙. Although this is currently considered unlikely, if BHs from these models form via (weak) explosions, the previously-ejected material might be hit by the blast wave and convert kinetic energy into observable electromagnetic radiation. We characterize the hydrogen-free circumstellar material from the pulsational pair-instability of helium cores by simply assuming that the ejecta maintain a constant velocity after ejection. We find that our models produce helium-rich ejecta with mass of 10⁻³ M_⊙ ≲ M_CSM ≲ 40 M_⊙, the larger values corresponding to the more massive progenitor stars. These ejecta are typically launched at a few thousand km s⁻¹ and reach distances of ∼10¹² − 10¹⁵ cm before the core-collapse of the star. The delays between mass ejection events and the final collapse span a wide and mass-dependent range (from subhour to 10⁴ years), and the shells ejected can also collide with each other, powering supernova impostor events before the final core-collapse. The range of properties we find suggests a possible connection with (some) type Ibn supernovae.