Issue |
A&A
Volume 596, December 2016
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | A58 | |
Number of page(s) | 13 | |
Section | Stellar structure and evolution | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629420 | |
Published online | 30 November 2016 |
Common-envelope ejection in massive binary stars
Implications for the progenitors of GW150914 and GW151226
1 Argelander-Institut für Astronomie,
Universität Bonn, Auf dem Hügel
71, 53121
Bonn,
Germany
e-mail: mkruckow@astro.uni-bonn.de
2 Max-Planck-Institut für
Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel
69, 53121
Bonn,
Germany
3 Astronomical Institute of the Czech
Academy of Sciences, 251
65
Ondřejov, Czech
Republic
4 Department of Astronomy, Oxford
University, Oxford
OX1 3RH,
UK
Received:
28
July
2016
Accepted:
10
October
2016
Context. The recently detected gravitational wave signals (GW150914 and GW151226) of the merger event of a pair of relatively massive stellar-mass black holes (BHs) calls for an investigation of the formation of such progenitor systems in general.
Aims. We analyse the common-envelope (CE) stage of the traditional formation channel in binaries where the first-formed compact object undergoes an in-spiral inside the envelope of its evolved companion star and ejects the envelope in this process.
Methods. We calculated envelope binding energies of donor stars with initial masses between 4 and 115M⊙ for metallicities of Z = ZMilky Way ≃ Z⊙/ 2 and Z = Z⊙/ 50, and derived minimum masses of in-spiralling objects needed to eject these envelopes.
Results. In addition to producing double white dwarf and double neutron star binaries, CE evolution may also produce massive BH-BH systems with individual BH component masses of up to ~50 − 60M⊙, in particular for donor stars evolved to giants beyond the Hertzsprung gap. However, the physics of envelope ejection of massive stars remains uncertain. We discuss the applicability of the energy-budget formalism, the location of the bifurcation point, the recombination energy, and the accretion energy during in-spiral as possible energy sources, and also comment on the effect of inflated helium cores.
Conclusions. Massive stars in a wide range of metallicities and with initial masses of up to at least 115M⊙ may shed their envelopes and survive CE evolution, depending on their initial orbital parameters, similarly to the situation for intermediate- and low-mass stars with degenerate cores. In addition to being dependent on stellar radius, the envelope binding energies and λ-values also depend on the applied convective core-overshooting parameter, whereas these structure parameters are basically independent of metallicity for stars with initial masses below 60M⊙. Metal-rich stars ≳60M⊙ become luminous blue variables and do not evolve to reach the red giant stage. We conclude that based on stellar structure calculations, and in the view of the usual simple energy budget analysis, events like GW150914 and GW151226 might be produced by the CE channel. Calculations of post-CE orbital separations, however, and thus the estimated LIGO detection rates, remain highly uncertain.
Key words: stars: evolution / binaries: close / X-rays: binaries / stars: black holes / gravitational waves
© ESO, 2016
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