Issue |
A&A
Volume 536, December 2011
Planck early results
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | A23 | |
Number of page(s) | 33 | |
Section | Interstellar and circumstellar matter | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201116472 | |
Published online | 01 December 2011 |
Planck early results. XXIII. The first all-sky survey of Galactic cold clumps⋆
1
Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory,
Metsähovintie 114, 02540
Kylmälä,
Finland
2
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Science Data Center, c/o ESRIN, via
Galileo Galilei, Frascati, Italy
3
Astroparticule et Cosmologie, CNRS (UMR7164), Université Denis
Diderot Paris 7, Bâtiment
Condorcet, 10 rue A. Domon et Léonie Duquet, Paris, France
4
Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of
Cambridge, J J Thomson
Avenue, Cambridge
CB3 0HE,
UK
5
Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, ALMA Santiago
Central Offices, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 763 0355,
Santiago,
Chile
6
CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George St., Toronto, ON
M5S 3H8,
Canada
7
CNRS, IRAP, 9
Av. colonel Roche, BP
44346, 31028
Toulouse Cedex 4,
France
8
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
9
DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Wilberforce
Road, Cambridge
CB3 0WA,
UK
10
DSM/Irfu/SPP, CEA-Saclay, 91191
Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex,
France
11
DTU Space, National Space Institute, Juliane Mariesvej 30, Copenhagen, Denmark
12
Département de physique, de génie physique et d’optique,
Université Laval, Québec, Canada
13
Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo,
Avda. Calvo Sotelo s/n,
Oviedo,
Spain
14
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of
Toronto, 50 Saint George Street,
Toronto, Ontario,
Canada
15
Department of Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Tokyo Gakugei
University, Koganei, Tokyo
184-8501,
Japan
16
Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British
Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road,
Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada
17
Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of
Helsinki, Helsinki,
Finland
18
Department of Physics, Princeton University,
Princeton, New Jersey, USA
19
Department of Physics, Purdue University,
525 Northwestern Avenue,
West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
20
Department of Physics, University of California,
Berkeley, California, USA
21
Department of Physics, University of California,
One Shields Avenue,
Davis, California, USA
22
Department of Physics, University of California,
Santa Barbara, California, USA
23
Department of Physics, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green
Street, Urbana,
Illinois,
USA
24
Dipartimento di Fisica G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di
Padova, via Marzolo
8, 35131
Padova,
Italy
25
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza,
P.le A. Moro 2, Roma, Italy
26
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di
Milano, via Celoria
16, Milano,
Italy
27
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di
Trieste, via A. Valerio
2, Trieste,
Italy
28
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Ferrara,
via Saragat 1, 44122
Ferrara,
Italy
29
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor
Vergata, via della Ricerca
Scientifica 1, Roma, Italy
30
Discovery Center, Niels Bohr Institute,
Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
31
Dpto. Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206
La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
32
Eötvös Loránd University, Department of Astronomy,
Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A,
1117
Budapest,
Hungary
33
European Southern Observatory, ESO Vitacura, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla
19001, Santiago,
Chile
34
European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo
del Castillo s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la
Cañada, Madrid,
Spain
35
European Space Agency, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1,
2201 AZ
Noordwijk, The
Netherlands
36
Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2,
University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
37
INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, via S. Sofia
78, Catania,
Italy
38
INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo
dell’Osservatorio 5, Padova, Italy
39
INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via di Frascati
33, Monte Porzio
Catone, Italy
40
INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via G.B. Tiepolo
11, Trieste,
Italy
41
INAF/IASF Bologna, via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
42
INAF/IASF Milano, via E. Bassini 15, Milano, Italy
43
INRIA, Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique, Université
Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment
490, 91405
Orsay Cedex,
France
44
IPAG (Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble),
Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 1/CNRS-INSU, UMR 5274,
38041
Grenoble,
France
45
Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett
Laboratory, Prince Consort
Road, London,
SW7 2AZ,
UK
46
Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of
Technology, Pasadena,
CA
91125,
USA
47
Institut Néel, CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble
I, 25 rue des
Martyrs, Grenoble,
France
48
Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université
Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment
121, Orsay,
France
49
Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS UMR7095, Université Pierre
& Marie Curie, 98bis
boulevard Arago, Paris, France
50
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia
Sinica, Taipei,
Taiwan
51
Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge,
Madingley Road, Cambridge
CB3 0HA,
UK
52
Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of
Oslo, Blindern,
Oslo,
Norway
53
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
54
Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de
Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros
s/n, Santander,
Spain
55
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of
Technology, 4800 Oak Grove
Drive, Pasadena,
California,
USA
56
Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School
of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13
9PL, UK
57
Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge,
Madingley Road, Cambridge
CB3 0HA,
UK
58
LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de
l’Observatoire, Paris, France
59
Laboratoire AIM, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique - CEA/DSM - CNRS -
Université Paris Diderot, Bât. 709, CEA-Saclay, 91191
Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex,
France
60
Laboratoire Traitement et Communication de l’Information, CNRS
(UMR 5141) and Télécom ParisTech, 46 rue Barrault, 75634
Paris Cedex 13,
France
61
Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, CNRS/IN2P3,
Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, Institut National Polytechnique de
Grenoble, 53 rue des
Martyrs, 38026
Grenoble Cedex,
France
62
Laboratoire de l’Accélérateur Linéaire, Université Paris-Sud 11,
CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay,
France
63
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,
Berkeley, California, USA
64
Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741
Garching,
Germany
65
MilliLab, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie
3, Espoo,
Finland
66
National University of Ireland, Department of Experimental
Physics, Maynooth,
Co. Kildare,
Ireland
67
Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
68
Observational Cosmology, Mail Stop 367-17, California Institute of
Technology, Pasadena,
CA, 91125, USA
69
Optical Science Laboratory, University College
London, Gower
Street, London,
UK
70
SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265,
34136
Trieste,
Italy
71
SUPA, Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal
Observatory, Blackford
Hill, Edinburgh
EH9 3HJ,
UK
72
School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University,
Queens Buildings, The Parade,
Cardiff
CF24 3AA,
UK
73
Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California,
Berkeley, California, USA
74
Spitzer Science Center, 1200 E. California Blvd.,
Pasadena, California, USA
75
Stanford University, Dept of Physics, Varian Physics Bldg, 382 via Pueblo
Mall, Stanford,
California,
USA
76
Université deToulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028
Toulouse Cedex 4,
France
77
Universities Space Research Association, Stratospheric Observatory
for Infrared Astronomy, MS
211-3, Moffett
Field, CA
94035,
USA
78
University of Granada, Departamento de Física Teórica y del
Cosmos, Facultad de Ciencias, Granada, Spain
79
University of Miami, Knight Physics Building, 1320 Campo Sano Dr.,
Coral Gables, Florida, USA
80
Warsaw University Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478
Warszawa,
Poland
Received: 8 January 2011
Accepted: 30 August 2011
We present the statistical properties of the Cold Clump Catalogue of Planck Objects (C3PO), the first all-sky catalogue of cold objects, in terms of their spatial distribution, dust temperature, distance, mass, and morphology. We have combined Planck and IRAS data to extract 10342 cold sources that stand out against a warmer environment. The sources are distributed over the whole sky, including in the Galactic plane, despite the confusion, and up to high latitudes (>30°). We find a strong spatial correlation of these sources with ancillary data tracing Galactic molecular structures and infrared dark clouds where the latter have been catalogued. These cold clumps are not isolated but clustered in groups. Dust temperature and emissivity spectral index values are derived from their spectral energy distributions using both Planck and IRAS data. The temperatures range from 7K to 19K, with a distribution peaking around 13K. The data are inconsistent with a constant value of the associated spectral index β over the whole temperature range: β varies from 1.4 to 2.8, with a mean value around 2.1. Distances are obtained for approximately one third of the objects. Most of the detections lie within 2kpc of the Sun, but more distant sources are also detected, out to 7kpc. The mass estimates inferred from dust emission range from 0.4 M⊙ to 2.4 × 105 M⊙. Their physical properties show that these cold sources trace a broad range of objects, from low-mass dense cores to giant molecular clouds, hence the “cold clump” terminology. This first statistical analysis of the C3PO reveals at least two colder populations of special interest with temperatures in the range 7 to 12K: cores that mostly lie close to the Sun; and massive cold clumps located in the inner Galaxy. We also describe the statistics of the early cold core (ECC) sample that is a subset of the C3PO, containing only the 915 most reliable detections. The ECC is delivered as a part of the Planck Early Release Compact Source Catalogue (ERCSC).
Key words: ISM: clouds / stars: formation / dust, extinction / submillimetre: ISM / ISM: general / catalogs
© ESO, 2011
Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.
Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.
Initial download of the metrics may take a while.