Issue |
A&A
Volume 584, December 2015
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | A92 | |
Number of page(s) | 83 | |
Section | Catalogs and data | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201424063 | |
Published online | 26 November 2015 |
Galactic cold cores
IV. Cold submillimetre sources: catalogue and statistical analysis⋆,⋆⋆,⋆⋆⋆
1 Department of Physics, PO Box 64, 00014, University of
Helsinki, Finland
2
Institut Utinam, CNRS UMR 6213, OSU THETA, Université de
Franche-Comté, 41bis avenue de l’Observatoire, 25000
Besançon,
France
e-mail: julien@obs-besancon.fr
3
Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028
Toulouse,
France
4
CNRS, IRAP, 9
Av. colonel Roche, BP
44346, 31028
Toulouse Cedex 4,
France
5
Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), University of
Turku, Väisäläntie
20, 21500
Piikkiö,
Finland
6
Laboratoire AIM, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique − CEA/DSM −
CNRS −
Université Paris Diderot, Bât. 709, CEA-Saclay, 91191
Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex,
France
7 Loránd Eötvös University, Department of Astronomy, Pàzmàny
P.s. 1/a, 1117 Budapest (OTKA K62304), Hungary
8
LERMA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR
8112, 75014
Paris,
France
9
Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 6, UMR 8112,
LERMA,
75005
Paris,
France
10
European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, 85748
Garching bei München,
Germany
11
IAS, Université Paris-Sud, 91405
Orsay Cedex,
France
12
IPAC, Caltech, Pasadena
CA
91125,
USA
13
LERMA, CNRS UMR 8112, Observatoire de Paris and École Normale
Supérieure, PSL Research University, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005
Paris,
France
14
Laboratoire AIM Paris-Saclay, CEA/DSM −
INSU/CNRS −
Université Paris Diderot, IRFU/SAp CEA-Saclay, 91191
Gif-sur-Yvette,
France
15
Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LAM (Laboratoire d’Astrophysique
de Marseille) UMR 7326, 13388
Marseille,
France
16
The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro, 153-8902
Tokyo,
Japan
Received: 24 April 2014
Accepted: 23 August 2015
Context. For the project Galactic cold cores, Herschel photometric observations were carried out as a follow-up of cold regions of interstellar clouds previously identified with the Planck satellite. The aim of the project is to derive the physical properties of the population of cold sources and to study its connection to ongoing and future star formation.
Aims. We build a catalogue of cold sources within the clouds in 116 fields observed with the Herschel PACS and SPIRE instruments. We wish to determine the general physical characteristics of the cold sources and to examine the correlations with their host cloud properties.
Methods. From Herschel data, we computed colour temperature and column density maps of the fields. We estimated the distance to the target clouds and provide both uncertainties and reliability flags for the distances. The getsources multiwavelength source extraction algorithm was employed to build a catalogue of several thousand cold sources. Mid-infrared data were used, along with colour and position criteria, to separate starless and protostellar sources. We also propose another classification method based on submillimetre temperature profiles. We analysed the statistical distributions of the physical properties of the source samples.
Results. We provide a catalogue of ~4000 cold sources within or near star forming clouds, most of which are located either in nearby molecular complexes (≲1 kpc) or in star forming regions of the nearby galactic arms (~2 kpc). About 70% of the sources have a size compatible with an individual core, and 35% of those sources are likely to be gravitationally bound. Significant statistical differences in physical properties are found between starless and protostellar sources, in column density versus dust temperature, mass versus size, and mass versus dust temperature diagrams. The core mass functions are very similar to those previously reported for other regions. On statistical grounds we find that gravitationally bound sources have higher background column densities (median Nbg(H2) ~ 5 × 1021 cm-2) than unbound sources (median Nbg(H2) ~ 3 × 1021 cm-2). These values of Nbg(H2) are higher for higher dust temperatures of the external layers of the parent cloud. However, only in a few cases do we find clear Nbg(H2) thresholds for the presence of cores. The dust temperatures of cloud external layers show clear variations with galactic location, as may the source temperatures.
Conclusions. Our data support a more complex view of star formation than in the simple idea of a column density threshold. They show a clear influence of the surrounding UV-visible radiation on how cores distribute in their host clouds with possible variations on the Galactic scale.
Key words: catalogs / submillimeter: ISM / stars: formation / ISM: clouds
Planck (http://www.esa.int/Planck) is a project of the European Space Agency − ESA − with instruments provided by two scientific consortia funded by ESA member states (in particular the lead countries: France and Italy) with contributions from NASA (USA), and telescope reflectors provided in a collaboration between ESA and a scientific consortium led and funded by Denmark.
Herschel is an ESA space observatory with science instruments provided by European-led Principal Investigator consortia and with important participation from NASA.
Full Table B.1 is only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/584/A92
© ESO, 2015
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