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Table A.1

Parameters related to shock simulation in this experiment.

Insturments Projectile velocity (ω, km/s) Shock velocity (Us, km/s) Particle velocity (Up, km/s) Peak pressure (P, GPa)
LGG(I) 0.892 4.583 0.446 18.2
LGG(II) 1.410 4.970 0.705 31.3
1.750 5.230 0.875 40.8
1.953 5.385 0.977 46.9

Notes. LGG(I)=Single-stage light gas gun. LGG(II)=Two-stage light gas gun. When the flyer plate and the encapsulating material of the impactor are of the same material, the particle velocity (Up) and the projectile velocity (ω) are related as: Up = 1/2 ω. For a flyer plate made of Cu, the relationship between the shock velocity (Us) and the particle velocity (Up) is: Us = 3.91 + 1.51 * Up (Gan et al. 2021). The peak pressure (P) is calculated from Us and Up using the relationship P = 8.924 g·cm−3 * Up * Us, where the density of Cu is 8.924 g·cm−3.

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