Vesicles observed via TEM in shocked samples. (a) BF TEM image of olivine shocked at 18 GPa, showing a small number of vesicles distributed along fractures within the olivine. (b) DF TEM image of olivine shocked at 41 GPa, where low-contrast vesicles are visible along fractures of the olivine grains. The dashed box marks the location of the HRTEM image in (c). (c) HRTEM image of a fracture in olivine, revealing that crystal planes on both sides of the fracture remain continuous and fully connected. (d) BF TEM image of olivine shocked at 47 GPa, displaying numerous dislocation structures within the olivine, accompanied by nanoscale vesicles.