Crystal defects in shocked minerals observed via TEM. (a) Bright-field (BF) TEM image of olivine shocked at 18 GPa, showing dislocations and dislocation lines within the crystal. The crystallographic direction of the operative vector (g) for parallel dislocations is (011). (b) High-resolution TEM (HRTEM) image and fast Fourier transform (FFT) pattern of the region outlined by the dashed box in image (a), identifying the mineral as fayalite after calibration. (c) BF TEM image of olivine shocked at 18 GPa, revealing dislocation loops within the olivine. (d) HRTEM image and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern of a sample shocked at 31 GPa, identifying the mineral as augite, with stacking faults distributed perpendicular to the a-axis. (e) BF TEM image and SAED pattern of olivine shocked at 41 GPa, showing intersecting dislocations at nodes. (f) BF TEM image of olivine shocked at 47 GPa, where intersections of two or three different dislocations at nodes are observed.