Electromagnetic (EM) field and its components along the altitude at a zenith angle of 60° in the X − Z plane. Panels a–d display the magnitude of electric field, and the X, Y, and Z components of the electric field, respectively. The pink dashed lines mark the statistical positions of the MPB and BS. In the visualization, red represents the convection field, green denotes the Hall field, blue indicates the ambipolar field, black shows the magnetic force field, and pink illustrates the total field, including all components.