Ultraviolet luminosity function of galaxies at z = 5 from Bouwens et al. (2021) (blue solid line) and inferred contribution of galaxies hosting type-2 AGN, inferred from the JADES survey (red points). Results from other surveys are also reported, as indicated in the legend. The dashed red line shows the galaxy luminosity function scaled downward by a factor of 5. The orange-shaded region shows the range of possible extrapolated luminosity functions for QSOs from Niida et al. (2020).