Escape rate of heavy (O⁺) ions for different planets, in relation to the upstream solar wind dynamic pressure. The dotted lines represent direct observations, adapted from the review article of Ramstad & Barabash (2021). The solid lines represent the results of our ion escape simulations for Venus. In our simulations, the dynamic pressure was increased in two ways, by a velocity enhancement (squares) and by a density enhancement (crosses). The escape rates are further divided into different channels, escape from the plume (magenta) and escape from the tail (blue). Black represents the total escape.