IMNN training example (using NumericalGradientIMNN subclass of IMNN) corresponding to the astrophysical parameters, T₀ and γ (top panels), and cosmological parameters, σ₈ and n_s (bottom panels), for z = 3.0. The plots show the evolution of Fisher information during training with the training epoch. The solid lines correspond to the training sample and the dotted lines correspond to the validation sample. The training was stopped at the maximum iteration values shown in the x axis of the above plots. This choice was based on the training epoch when the Fisher information extracted from the validation sample reaches a saturation value and shows no further improvement with additional training epochs.