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Fig. 1

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Evolutionary tracks of key physical quantities of GS-z14-0 as a function of the lookback time from z = 14.32 corresponding to the fiducial values of the free parameters: M = 8 × 1011 M, tD = 40 Myr, η = 158. As indicated in the legend, we show the SFH (blue thick line/shaded area), SFH with no feedback (gray dashed), the stellar mass fraction with respect to its final value (starred yellow), the Eddington parameter equiv; SFR/SFR* (thick yellow), the LW intensity at rvir (dashed black), the shielding/virial ratio, rsh/rvir (thick black), the metallicity (orange), dust-to-gas ratio, and AV. The units for each quantity are reported in the legend. Also shown are the derived values for the fraction of stars formed before a free-fall time at z = 14.32, f*(tff), the mass- (luminosity-) weighted mean ages of the stellar population, ⟨tM (⟨tL), the gas-to-stars conversion factor, ⟨ϵ*⟩, and the Balmer break strength, B. The top sketch schematically represents the evolutionary phases discussed in Sec. 4.

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