Open Access

Table 1.

Constraints on the BD parameter ω from various tests, beginning with the Cassini bound from 2003.

Experiment (dataset) Constraint ↓ (conf.) Year
Pulsar timing (PSR J0337+1715) (Voisin et al. 2020) ω > 140 000 (95%) 2020
Pulsar timing (PSR J0337+1715) (Archibald et al. 2018) ω > 73000 (95%) 2018
Shapiro time delay (Cassini satellite) (Bertotti et al. 2003; Will 2014) ω > 40000 (95%) 2003
Pulsar timing (PSR J1738+0333) (Freire et al. 2012) ω > 25000 (68%) 2012

CMB (Planck), BAO (BOSS, 6dF, SDSS) (Ooba et al. 2017) ω > 2000 (95%) 2017
CMB (Planck), BAO (BOSS, 6dF, SDSS), Hubble (several) (Amirhashchi & Yadav 2020) ω > 1560 (95%) 2019
CMB (Planck), BAO (BOSS), SN (Pantheon), LSS (KiDS, 2dFLenS) (Joudaki et al. 2022) ω > 1540 (95%) 2022
CMB (Planck) (Avilez & Skordis 2014) ω > 890 (99%) 2014
CMB (Planck), BAO (6dF, SDSS) (Umiltà et al. 2015) ω > 208 (95%) 2015
CMB (WMAP, Planck), BAO (SDSS, 6dF) (Li et al. 2013) ω > 182 (95%) 2013
CMB (WMAP, others), LSS (2dF) (Acquaviva et al. 2005) ω > 120 (95%) 2005
CMB (WMAP, others), LSS (SDSS) (Wu et al. 2010; Wu & Chen 2010) ω > 98 (95%) 2010

Notes. Sorted by ω, the table naturally divides into two “camps” from small-scale and large-scale constraints. We exclude ω < 0 due to ghost instability. Note that Avilez & Skordis (2014) and Joudaki et al. (2022) report separate constraints with and without fixing Gm0 = G today; we only show the constraints when it is not fixed, which results in the tightest constraints. Also note that Joudaki et al. (2022) report different bounds ω > {1540, 160, 160, 350} depending on the prior used for ω in the Markov chains. See also Nagata et al. (2004), Ooba et al. (2016, 2017), Ballardini et al. (2016, 2020), Umiltà et al. (2015) for constraints on the gravitational strength and generalized BD models.

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Initial download of the metrics may take a while.