Bias versus variance when fitting multi-species molecular lines with a non-LTE radiative transfer model - Application to the estimation of the gas temperature and volume density

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Volume 686 (June 2024)

A&A, 686 (2024) A255

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Table 9

Characteristics of ¹³CO lines shown in Fig. 10.

Line	τ	T_ex	T_peak	$n_{crit}^{thin}$ $n_{{\rm{crit}}}^{{\rm{thin}}}$	$n_{crit}^{eff}$ $n_{{\rm{crit}}}^{{\rm{eff}}}$
	–	K	K	cm⁻³	cm⁻³
(1 − 0)	50	22.0	18.5	10^3.29	10^1.77
(2 − 1)	140	22.0	16.9	10^3.81	10^1.84
(3 − 2)	174	22.0	15	10^4.24	10^2.17
(4 − 3)	135	22.0	13	10^4.56	10^2.6
For T_kin = 22 K, $n_{H_{2}} = 10^{5}$ ${n_{{{\rm{H}}_2}}} = {10^5}$ cm⁻³, N = 10¹⁸ cm⁻².

(1 − 0)	43	23.2	19.7	10^3.27	10^1.81
(2 − 1)	134	21.1	16	10^3.82	10^1.87
(3 − 2)	185	17.2	10.5	10^4.25	10^2.15
(4 − 3)	132	12.8	5	10^4.56	10^2.62
For T_kin = 60 K, $n_{H_{2}} = 10^{1.65}$ ${n_{{{\rm{H}}_2}}} = {10^{1.65}}$ cm⁻³, N = 10^17.9 cm⁻².

Notes. $n_{crit}^{thin}$ $n_{{\rm{crit}}}^{{\rm{thin}}}$ and $n_{crit}^{eff}$ $n_{{\rm{crit}}}^{{\rm{eff}}}$ are the critical density of p − H₂. In both case σ_V = 0.3 km s⁻¹.

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