Regression results for age and mass of red giants. The upper sections of each panel display kernel density plots of predicted values versus true labels, where a yellower color indicates higher density, signifying more concentrated data; the dashed lines represent the identity line, while the black lines indicate isohypse. Also, Δ and Δ_P represent the mean absolute error and mean absolute percentage error, respectively. The lower sections show scatter plots and distribution graphs for Δ_P (with the red line). The scatter plots demonstrate the error of the predictive model at each data point, with the color-density relationship consistent with the upper panels; the dashed lines denote the average value of Δ_P, providing a reference for the overall error level. The distribution graphs illustrate the spread of Δ_P across the entire dataset. “Density” is the probability density fitted to the Δ_P. Left panel: regression results for ages with an average absolute error Δ of 0.91 dex and Δ_P of 17.64%. Right panel: regression results for masses with Δ and Δ_P values of 0.08 dex and 6.61%, respectively.