Table 1
Comparison between different strong lensing codes along with their corresponding modeling techniques.
| Lensing codes | Associated publication | Lens mass model | Source light model | Inference scheme |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PixeLens | Saha & Williams (1997) | nonpar. | PS | (non)lin. prog. |
| LTM | Broadhurst et al. (2005) | par. | PS | DS |
| WSLAP+ | Diego et al. (2005) | hybrid. | PS | biCG, SVD |
| SWUnited | Bradač et al. (2005) | nonpar. | PS | MAP |
| Grale | Liesenborgs et al. (2006) | nonpar. | PS | genetic algorithm |
| LensPerfect | Coe et al. (2008) | nonpar. | PS | Powell’s method |
| – | Vegetti & Koopmans (2009) | par., multipoles, nonpar. | nonpar. | NS, DS |
| Glee | Suyu & Halkola (2010) | par. | PS, nonpar. | MCMC |
| Glafic | Oguri (2010) | par., multipoles | PS, par. | DS |
| LensTool | Kneib et al. (2011) | par. | PS, par. | MCMC |
| GravLens | Keeton (2011) | par. | PS, par. | Powell’s method |
| (Py)AutoLens | Nightingale & Dye (2015) | par. | PS, par., nonpar. | NS |
| VisiLens | Spilker et al. (2016) | par. | PS, par. | MCMC |
| Lenstronomy | Birrer et al. (2021) | par., multipoles | PS, par., | particle swarm, DS |
| HercuLens | Galan et al. (2022) | par., neural net | par. | HMC |
| LensCharm | (this work) | par., nonpar., hybrid | par., nonpar., hybrid | MGVI, geoVI |
Notes. Each code is referenced according to its dedicated publication or initial appearance. Parametric models are indicated with "par." and can include shapelets and wavelets functions. We indicate nonparametric models with "nonpar.", and point source light models with "PS". Additionally, for inference schemes which obtain a point estimate (maximum likelihood, maximum a posteriori (MAP), etc.), we reference the adopted minimization scheme if specified. For the minimization schemes, we denoted (non)linear programming by "(non)lin. prog.", biconjugate gradient, and singular value decomposition of the linear system defined in WSLAP+ by "biCG", and "SVD", nested sampling by "NS", downhill simplex by "DS", and Hamiltonian Monte Carlo by "HMC". The Metric Gaussian Variational Inference (MGVI) and geometric Variational Inference (geoVI) algorithms employed by LensCharm are introduced in Sect. 5.
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