ICAROGW computational benchmarking on CPU and GPU. Top: average elapsed time taken by ICAROGW to evaluate the hierarchical likelihood in Eq. (1). Bottom: efficiency, defined as number of samples processed per second to evaluate the hierarchical likelihood in Eq. (1). For both panels, the CPU is reported with blue pentagons and GPU with orange squares. The two panels are reported as a function of a number of samples, namely, the sum of the number of PE samples and injections used for the computation. The CPU markers are generated up to 10⁶ samples since at 10⁵ samples the efficiency is already saturated. Figures generated with double float precision on CPU Intel Core i9-11950H (8 cores HT, 2.6–5.0 GHz Turbo) and GPU NVIDIA GeForce RTX3080 (16Gb GDDR6, 6144 cores CUDA).