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Fig. 5.

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Cosmological density of metals as a function of redshift. Red hexagons show the measurements from this work based on the [C II] luminosity densities at z ≈ 5 and ≈7, converted to ΩZ, ISM. The other symbols represent the metal densities inferred by various approaches, color-coded as a function of the distinct gas phases they are probing from the compilation of Péroux & Howk (2020), including results from Sanders et al. (2023a) and with the purple triangle denoting the lower bound derived from O I absorption at z ≈ 6 in sub-DLAs by Becker et al. (2011). The solid black line shows the expected yield of metals from star formation, assuming ΩZ(z) = yΩ(z), with y = 0.033 being the integrated yield of the stellar population and Ω(z) is the stellar mass density quantified by Walter et al. (2020). These measurements suggest that metals mostly reside in the ISM of galaxies at z ≳ 3.

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