Perturbation energy E(t) for the radiating modes created by incoming inertial waves with various wavenumber sets (k_xR₀, k_zR₀; panel a). The energy is normalized by the initial inertial-wave energy E_iw(t = 0) for comparison among different cases. Panel b displays the time rates for perturbation energy ∂E/∂t (solid), base shear contribution P_b (dashed), viscous dissipation D_v (dotted), and power injected by the incoming inertial wave–vortex interaction P_f (dash-dot) for the case with (k_xR₀, k_zR₀) = (1, 1). The energy rates are normalized by fE_iw(0) for nondimensionalization.