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Fig. 9.

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Distributions of observation samples, flare star samples, and their flare proportion. Left: histogram showing the distribution of the number (upper panel) and proportion (lower panel) of flaring stars (orange part) and the total objects observed by TESS (gray part) in different effective temperature ranges, while the top axis indicates stellar type. Right: refinement of the M-type stars in the left figure into M0–M7. There are 143 and 2238 stars without effective temperatures in the flaring star samples and all the TESS objects. We calculated the upper and lower limits of the error bar and plotted them in different temperature ranges or spectral types.

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