Fractal dimension estimated using the standard Q approach from CW04 (stars), and the Q⁺ from JF17 (black rimmed coloured dots) against the fractal dimension used to generate the clusters. Bottom: estimated against theoretical value of L for the simulated clusters considered in this work. Each colour represents a different true fractal dimension. The black line is the identity function, where the theoretical and estimated values are equal. Please note that the Fractal with D = 3 and the radial with E = 0 both represent a homogeneous distribution, and that some of the D estimates and all the L estimates given by Q⁺ overlap.