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Table 1.
Preferred directions (l, b) found in different cosmological models using different methods and observational datasets.
| Cosmological obs. | Model | Method | l (°) | b (°) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Union2 | ΛCDM | HC |
 |
 |
Antoniou & Perivolaropoulos (2010) |
| ΛCDM | – | 309° | 19° | Colin et al. (2011) | |
| ΛCDM | HC |
 |
 |
Cai & Tuo (2012) | |
| ΛCDM | DF | 309.4° ±18.0 | −15.1° ±11.5 | Mariano & Perivolaropoulos (2012) | |
| ΛCDM | HC |
 |
 |
Chang & Lin (2015) | |
| ΛCDM | DF | 309° ±22.4 | −19.3° ±12.9 | Chang & Lin (2015) | |
| ΛCDM | AM |
 |
 |
Cai et al. (2013) | |
| 67GRB | ΛCDM | AM |
 |
 |
Cai et al. (2013) |
| wCDM | AM |
 |
 |
Cai et al. (2013) | |
| CPL | AM |
 |
 |
Cai et al. (2013) | |
| Union2+67GRB | ΛCDM | AM |
 |
 |
Cai et al. (2013) |
| wCDM | AM |
 |
 |
Cai et al. (2013) | |
| CPL | AM |
 |
 |
Cai et al. (2013) | |
| Union2+SNFACTORY | ΛCDM | DF (z,0.015−0.035) | 298° ±25 | 15° ±20 | Feindt et al. (2013) |
| ΛCDM | DF (z,0.035−0.045) | 302° ±48 | −12° ±26 | Feindt et al. (2013) | |
| ΛCDM | DF (z,0.045−0.060) | 359° ±32 | 14° ±27 | Feindt et al. (2013) | |
| ΛCDM | DF (z,0.060−0.100) | 285° ±234 | −23° ±112 | Feindt et al. (2013) | |
| Union2.1 | ΛCDM | HC | – | – | Yang et al. (2014) |
| ΛCDM | DF | 307.1° ±16.2 | −14.3° ±10.1 | Yang et al. (2014) | |
| ΛCDM | HC | 241.9° | −19.5° | Lin et al. (2016a) | |
| ΛCDM | DF | 310.6° ±18.2 | −13.0° ±11.1 | Lin et al. (2016a) | |
| ΛCDM | Hubble map | 326.25° | 12.02° | Bengaly et al. (2015) | |
| ΛCDM | q map | 354.38° | 27.28° | Bengaly et al. (2015) | |
| ΛCDM | HC | 352° | −9° | Sun & Wang (2019) | |
| ΛCDM | DF | 309.3°  |
 |
Sun & Wang (2019) | |
| Union2.1+116GRB | ΛCDM | DF | 309.2° ±15.8 | −8.6° ±10.5 | Wang & Wang (2014) |
| Keck+VLT | ΛCDM | DF | 320.5° ±11.8 | −11.7° ±7.5 | Mariano & Perivolaropoulos (2012) |
| Constitution | ΛCDM | HC | −35° | −19° | Kalus et al. (2013) |
| ΛCDM | HC | 141° | −11° | Sun & Wang (2019) | |
| ΛCDM | DF |
 |
 |
Sun & Wang (2019) | |
| JLA | ΛCDM | Hubble map | 58.00° | −60.43° | Bengaly et al. (2015) |
| ΛCDM | q map | 225.00° | 51.26° | Bengaly et al. (2015) | |
| ΛCDM | HC(max) | 23.49° | 2.25° | Deng & Wei (2018b) | |
| ΛCDM | HC(submax) | 299.47° | 28.39° | Deng & Wei (2018b) | |
| ΛCDM | DF |
 |
 |
Deng & Wei (2018b) | |
| ΛCDM | DF |
 |
 |
Lin et al. (2016b) | |
| wCDM | DF |
 |
 |
Lin et al. (2016b) | |
| CPL | DF |
 |
 |
Lin et al. (2016b) | |
| ΛCDM | DF | 94.4° | −51.7° | Sun & Wang (2019) | |
| Pantheon | ΛCDM | HC | 37° ±40 | 33° ±16 | Sun & Wang (2018) |
| ΛCDM | DF |
 |
 |
Sun & Wang (2018) | |
| ΛCDM | HC(max) |
 |
 |
Deng & Wei (2018a) | |
| ΛCDM | HC(submax) |
 |
 |
Deng & Wei (2018a) | |
| ΛCDM | DF | – | – | Deng & Wei (2018a) | |
| ΛCDM | HC |
 |
 |
Zhao et al. (2019) | |
| ΛCDM | DF |
 |
 |
Zhao et al. (2019) | |
| ΛCDM | HC | 286.93° ± 18.52° | 27.02° ±6.5° | Kazantzidis & Perivolaropoulos (2020) | |
| ΛCDM | DF | 210.25° ± 136.56° | 72.85° ±60.63° | Kazantzidis & Perivolaropoulos (2020) | |
| ΛCDM | DF |
 |
 |
Chang & Zhou (2019) | |
| wCDM | DF |
 |
 |
Chang & Zhou (2019) | |
| CPL | DF |
 |
 |
Chang & Zhou (2019) | |
| Finslerian | DF |
 |
 |
Chang & Zhou (2019) | |
| CMB dipole | – | – | 263.99° ±0.14 | 48.26° ±0.03 | Lineweaver et al. (1996) |
| Velocity flows | – | – | 282° | 6° | Watkins et al. (2009), Feldman et al. (2010) |
| Quasar alignment | – | – | 267° | 69° | Hutsemékers & Lamy (2001), Hutsemékers et al. (2005), Hutsemékers (2011) |
| CMB octopole | – | – | 308° | 63° | Bielewicz et al. (2004) |
| CMB Quadrupole | – | – | 240° | 63° | Bielewicz et al. (2004), Frommert & Enßlin (2010) |
| △α/α | – | – | 330° | −13° | Webb et al. (2011), King et al. (2012) |
| SPARC galaxies | – | HC(max) | 175.5° | −6.5° | Zhou et al. (2017) |
| – | HC(submax) | 114.5° | 2.5° | Zhou et al. (2017) | |
| – | DF | 171° | −15° | Chang et al. (2018b) | |
| Galaxy cluster | ΛCDM | – | 303° | –27° | Migkas et al. (2020) |
| Infrared galaxies | – | – | 310° | –15° | Yoon et al. (2014) |
| – | HC | 323° | –5° | Bengaly et al. (2017) | |
| Pantheon+1421Quasar | ΛCDM | HC |
 |
 |
This paper |
| ΛCDM | DF | 327.55° ±32.45 | 51.01° ±26.50 | This paper | |
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