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Table 1.

Preferred directions (l, b) found in different cosmological models using different methods and observational datasets.

Cosmological obs. Model Method l (°) b (°) Ref.
Union2 ΛCDM HC Antoniou & Perivolaropoulos (2010)
ΛCDM 309° 19° Colin et al. (2011)
ΛCDM HC Cai & Tuo (2012)
ΛCDM DF 309.4° ±18.0 −15.1° ±11.5 Mariano & Perivolaropoulos (2012)
ΛCDM HC Chang & Lin (2015)
ΛCDM DF 309° ±22.4 −19.3° ±12.9 Chang & Lin (2015)
ΛCDM AM Cai et al. (2013)

67GRB ΛCDM AM Cai et al. (2013)
wCDM AM Cai et al. (2013)
CPL AM Cai et al. (2013)

Union2+67GRB ΛCDM AM Cai et al. (2013)
wCDM AM Cai et al. (2013)
CPL AM Cai et al. (2013)

Union2+SNFACTORY ΛCDM DF (z,0.015−0.035) 298° ±25 15° ±20 Feindt et al. (2013)
ΛCDM DF (z,0.035−0.045) 302° ±48 −12° ±26 Feindt et al. (2013)
ΛCDM DF (z,0.045−0.060) 359° ±32 14° ±27 Feindt et al. (2013)
ΛCDM DF (z,0.060−0.100) 285° ±234 −23° ±112 Feindt et al. (2013)

Union2.1 ΛCDM HC Yang et al. (2014)
ΛCDM DF 307.1° ±16.2 −14.3° ±10.1 Yang et al. (2014)
ΛCDM HC 241.9° −19.5° Lin et al. (2016a)
ΛCDM DF 310.6° ±18.2 −13.0° ±11.1 Lin et al. (2016a)
ΛCDM Hubble map 326.25° 12.02° Bengaly et al. (2015)
ΛCDM q map 354.38° 27.28° Bengaly et al. (2015)
ΛCDM HC 352° −9° Sun & Wang (2019)
ΛCDM DF 309.3° Sun & Wang (2019)

Union2.1+116GRB ΛCDM DF 309.2° ±15.8 −8.6° ±10.5 Wang & Wang (2014)

Keck+VLT ΛCDM DF 320.5° ±11.8 −11.7° ±7.5 Mariano & Perivolaropoulos (2012)

Constitution ΛCDM HC −35° −19° Kalus et al. (2013)
ΛCDM HC 141° −11° Sun & Wang (2019)
ΛCDM DF Sun & Wang (2019)

JLA ΛCDM Hubble map 58.00° −60.43° Bengaly et al. (2015)
ΛCDM q map 225.00° 51.26° Bengaly et al. (2015)
ΛCDM HC(max) 23.49° 2.25° Deng & Wei (2018b)
ΛCDM HC(submax) 299.47° 28.39° Deng & Wei (2018b)
ΛCDM DF Deng & Wei (2018b)
ΛCDM DF Lin et al. (2016b)
wCDM DF Lin et al. (2016b)
CPL DF Lin et al. (2016b)
ΛCDM DF 94.4° −51.7° Sun & Wang (2019)

Pantheon ΛCDM HC 37° ±40 33° ±16 Sun & Wang (2018)
ΛCDM DF Sun & Wang (2018)
ΛCDM HC(max) Deng & Wei (2018a)
ΛCDM HC(submax) Deng & Wei (2018a)
ΛCDM DF Deng & Wei (2018a)
ΛCDM HC Zhao et al. (2019)
ΛCDM DF Zhao et al. (2019)
ΛCDM HC 286.93° ± 18.52° 27.02° ±6.5° Kazantzidis & Perivolaropoulos (2020)
ΛCDM DF 210.25° ± 136.56° 72.85° ±60.63° Kazantzidis & Perivolaropoulos (2020)
ΛCDM DF Chang & Zhou (2019)
wCDM DF Chang & Zhou (2019)
CPL DF Chang & Zhou (2019)
Finslerian DF Chang & Zhou (2019)

CMB dipole 263.99° ±0.14 48.26° ±0.03 Lineweaver et al. (1996)

Velocity flows 282° Watkins et al. (2009), Feldman et al. (2010)

Quasar alignment 267° 69° Hutsemékers & Lamy (2001), Hutsemékers et al. (2005), Hutsemékers (2011)

CMB octopole 308° 63° Bielewicz et al. (2004)

CMB Quadrupole 240° 63° Bielewicz et al. (2004), Frommert & Enßlin (2010)

α/α 330° −13° Webb et al. (2011), King et al. (2012)

SPARC galaxies HC(max) 175.5° −6.5° Zhou et al. (2017)
HC(submax) 114.5° 2.5° Zhou et al. (2017)
DF 171° −15° Chang et al. (2018b)

Galaxy cluster ΛCDM 303° –27° Migkas et al. (2020)

Infrared galaxies 310° –15° Yoon et al. (2014)
HC 323° –5° Bengaly et al. (2017)

Pantheon+1421Quasar ΛCDM HC This paper
ΛCDM DF 327.55° ±32.45 51.01° ±26.50 This paper

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