Particle energy spectra, pitch angle and orbit duration distributions for Case 3 orbits: the colours represent orbits without scattering, with scattering at a rate κ = 10⁻⁸, and κ = η_sp/η_a respectively (see legend), based upon initial energies ∈[10, 320] eV, initial pitch angles ∈[10, 170]° and originating from x, y ∈ [−1, 1]m, z ∈ [1, 100] m. Each row uses different MHD resistivity: top row (panels a–c) uses η_a = 10⁻⁵, middle row (panels d–f) uses η_a = 10⁻⁴, and bottom row (panels g–i) uses η_a = 10⁻³.