Top panel: periodogram of the simulated radial velocity time series of the Sun as a star with sectoral r modes with m = 2 and m = 3 as seen by anEarth observer. The RV maximum amplitude of the m = 2 mode is 24.5 cm s⁻¹, while the amplitude of the m = 3 mode is 7.1 cm s⁻¹; the periods of the modes are given in the text. These RV amplitudes correspond to a maximum horizontal velocity of the modes of 2 ms⁻¹ at the surface of the Sun. The periodogram of a noiseless time series is plotted with a thin blue solid line, while the periodogram obtained adding a normally distributed random noise with a standard deviation σ_n = 10 cm s⁻¹ is plotted with the thicker green solid line. The vertical dashed line indicates the period of the m = 2 mode and the dotted line that of the m = 3 mode, if the inclination B₀ of the solar equator is fixed. The red horizontal line indicates the level of 1% FAP. Bottom panel: same as the top panel, but the maximum RV amplitude of the sectoral m = 2 mode is now assumed to be 8.2 cm s⁻¹, corresponding to the upper limit for the amplitude of this mode found by Liang et al. (2018), while the amplitude of the m = 3 mode is still 7.1 cm s⁻¹. The upper limit for the m = 2 mode corresponds to a maximum horizontal velocity of 0.7 m s⁻¹ at the surface of the Sun.